COMMON FLOUNDER. 
399 
Ilelsingf.), p. 24; Blanchard ( Pleuronectes ), Poiss. cl. eaux 
clouces Fr., p. 267; Lindstr., Gotl. Fisk. (Gotl. Lans Hush. 
Sallsk. Arsber. 1866), p. 22 (sep.); Steind., Stzber. Akad. 
Wiss. Wien, Math.. Naturw. Cl. LVI1 (1868), I, p. 719; 
Coll., Vid. Selsk. Forh. Christ. 1874, Tillsegsh., p. 146; 
ibid. 1879, No. 1, p. 82; Malm, Gbgs, Boll. Fn., p. 530; 
Winth., Naturb. Tidskr. Kbbvn, ser. 3, vol. XII, p. 41; 
Fedders., ibid., p. 76; Mela, Vert. Fenn ., p. 306, tab. IX; 
Day, Fish . Gt. Brit., Irel., vol. II, p. 33, tab. CV ; Mob., 
Hcke, Fisch. Osts., p. 95; Lillj., >Sv., Norg. Fisk., vol. II, 
p. 376; Mela, Sundm., Finl. Fisk., pi. XXIII. 
Pleuronectes passer, Bl., Naturg. Fisch. Deutschl., II, p. 57, 
tab. 50; Retz, Fn. Suec. Lin., p. 333; Qvens., Vet. -Akad. 
Hand.]. 1806, p. 218; Hollb., Beskr. Boh. Fisk., 1. c., p. 
48; — var. (A. 46 — 48): Bonap. ( Platessa ), Fn. Ital., Ill, 
Pesci, tav. No. 98, fig. 1; Canestrini, Arch. p. 1. Zool. 
cett., vol. I, fasc. I, p. 8, tab. I, fig. 1 ; Mor. ( Flesus ), 
Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fr., tom. Ill, p. 301; PI. italicus, Gthr, 
Cat., 1. c., p. 452. 
Pleuronectes stellatus, Pall., Nov. Act. Petrop., I, p. 347, tab. 
9, fig. 1, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat., tom. Ill, p. 416; Rich., Fn. 
Bor. Am., Fish., p. 257; ( Platessa ) Zool. Vog. Herald, p. 
164, tab. XXXII, fig. 1 — 3; Gthr ( Pleuronectes ), Cat., 1. c., 
p. 443; Jord., Gilb., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16, p. 835; 
Br. -Goode, Fisher ., Fish.-Industr. U. S., p. 184 (Jordan), 
tab. 46 (Todd). — Striato pinnatus (Tiles.), pinn. dors, et 
anal, sat altis, pinn. pect. sat longis, spatio interoculari 
plerumque sat rnagno. Varietas forsan, vix species distincta. 
Pleuronectes luscus, Pall., Zoogr. Ross. As., tom. Ill, p. 427 
(adn. A. 46); Nordm. (Platessa), Vog. Russ. Merid., Demid., 
vol. 3, p. 532, tab, 27 et 28. 
Flesus vulgaris, Mor., 1. c., p. 299. 
Pleuronectes Bogdanovii , Sandeberg, Bull. Soc. Natur. Moscou, 
LIII (1878), No. 3, p. 236. 
The usual length of the Flounder in Scandinavian 
waters is about 20 — 25 cm., though it sometimes rises 
as high as about 37 cm." In other waters it seems to 
attain a much greater size''. The greatest depth, be- 
tween the tins, is about half the length from the tip of 
the snout to the base of the caudal tin''. The least 
depth, that of the peduncle of the tail, is between about 
V 10 and l /i 2 °f the same length. Greatest breadth 
(thickness) Vs of the depth. The head is compressed 
and heart-shaped, its length being 27 — 31 % (on an 
average 28 1 / 2 — 29 1 j s %) of the length of the body to 
the base of the caudal fin. The row of protuber- 
ances on the head which is so characteristic of the pre- 
ceding species, is not unrepresented here. In this spe- 
cies too, we find a raised, bony ridge, at the same spot 
and with the same curve back from the eyes, behind 
somewhat widened and interrupted above the gill-cover, 
and continued by a rough or smooth knob on the post- 
temporal bone. Here, however, the surface of the bony 
ridge - is not broken up into distinct, separate protuber- 
ances, but is only rough with small tubercles or some- 
times for the most part smooth. In this species too, 
the mouth is of moderate size, with tumid lips. The 
lower jaw projects slightly beyond the upper; and the 
length of the branch of the lower jaw on the eye side 
varies between about 33 and 38 % of the length of the 
head or between about 9 and 7V 2 % of that of the 
body. The jaw-teeth resemble those of the preceding 
species; but even in adult specimens of this species we 
have sometimes found them set in two rows on the 
blind side, both in the lower jaw and on the inter- 
maxillary bone. It is also very common — most com- 
mon, it would appear, in the south — that, the pointed 
form which the jaw -teeth possess during youth, is to 
a certain extent persistent in adult specimens, the jaw- 
teeth then being bluntly pointed, less distinctly chisel- 
shaped, and separated from each other at the tip. In 
the upper jaw we have counted 14 — 25 teeth on the 
intermaxillary bone of the blind side, and 8 — 12 on 
that of the eye side. In the lower jaw these specimens 
had 14 — 2G d teeth on the blind side and 11 — 16 on 
the eye side. The pharyngeal apparatus is essentially 
the same as in the preceding species. In the roof of 
the pharynx we find on each side an oblong, roundish, 
fleshy swelling, armed with several transverse rows of 
blunt teeth. The osseous framework of this swelling is 
formed by the three upper pharyngeals, which are each 
furnished with two (according to Kroner sometimes as 
many as four) rows of teeth. The lower pharyngeals 
(fig. 108, page 391 above) are broader than in the pre- 
ceding species and more abundantly furnished with 
teeth, which in several irregular rows almost entirely 
fill the upper surface of the bones. The hindmost of 
these teeth, a row on the posterior, concave margin of 
the triangle, are much more like the jaw-teeth in shape, 
being bluntly pointed, cylindrical, and curved somewhat 
forward. The number of gill-rakers on the first branch- 
ial arch varies between 12 and 16. 
“ M6bius and Heincke say 50 cm. On the French coast, according to Moreau, the species sometimes attains a length of 45 cm. 
b Pleuronectes stellatus, in which we have failed to find any specific difference from our species, attains, according to Jordan, a 
length of nearly 3 ft. on the Californian coast. 
c On an average about 49 or 50 /, but in the males generally less than 47 %, in the females more, and in the latter sometimes as 
much as 53 %. In comparison with the total length of the body, it is a rule that in the males the greatest depth of the body is less than, 
in the females more than or equal to, 40 % of the length of the body to the end of the caudal fin. 
d One specimen has 24 teeth in an outer row and 8 in an inner row, the latter being set at about the middle of the outer row. 
