TURBOT. 
485 
about 1 3 1 / 2 and 1 1 1 / 2 %, and in the latter between about 
14 and 1 1 1 / 2 %, of the length of the body. The total 
depth of the body with the tins at its deepest part is then 
about equal to the length of the body minus the caudal 
fin. The least depth of the body, which is less in the 
males, varies between about 10 and 1 1 1 / 2 % of the length 
of the body. The body is thickest in the anterior part 
of the abdominal region, the greatest thickness being 
even relatively greater in old specimens than in young, 
and measuring from 8 to 1 1 % of the length of the body. 
The length of the head is about 28 V 2 — 297 2 % of 
the total length of the body, 35 — 367 2 % of the length 
of the body minus the caudal fin, or 48 — 51 7a % of 
the greatest depth. Its shape, apart from the dorsal 
fin, fairly closely resembles that of the body, exclusive 
of the caudal fin, but inclusive of the dorsal and anal 
fins, the greatest depth of the head, minus the dorsal 
fin, being almost equal to its length. The straight pro- 
files of the snout form a somewhat obtuse angle, and 
are continued by the anterior parts of the dorsal and 
ventral margins, which are only slightly curved, so 
evenly that the front half of the body is of a broad, 
cuneiform shape, while the posterior half, minus the 
caudal fin, is more like a semicircle. The mouth rises 
at an angle of about 45 degrees from the longitudinal 
transverse section of the body. In young specimens 
the tip of the snout is on a level with the lower margin 
of the upper eye and almost half-way up the body; 
but in older ones' 1 it is on a level with the middle of 
the interorbital space and distinctly above the middle 
of the body, being set about 5 / 9 of the way up the 
body. The maxillary bones grow broader behind (down- 
wards). Their breadth at the hind (lower) extremity 
is about 7 4 °f their length, and in young specimens 
about 2 / 3 of the diameter of the eye, in older ones 
equal to the latter. On the eye side this extremity is 
somewhat oblique, on the blind side almost straight 
and truncate. 'flic intermaxillary bones taper to a 
point behind (downwards), extending about 2 ,/ 3 of the 
way along the upper jaw, and their curve, which fits 
into the curved anterior margin of the maxillary bones, 
gives a similar curve to the mouth. The nasal pro- 
cesses of the intermaxillary bones are well-developed, 
the distance from their top to the margin of the jaw 
being about half the length of the bones themselves, 
and the mouth is thus capable of some protrusion. 
Both the intermaxillary and the maxillary bones — the 
former at about the middle, the latter considerably 
nearer their articulation — are furnished at the upper 
margin with an erect, lobate process (see above, on 
these bones in the Halibut). The lower margin of the 
under jaw is slightly concave, and the chin-knob not 
very distinct, the symphyseal margin rising at an angle 
of about 135° and being of a height that in old spe- 
cimens is only slightly less than the diameter of the 
eye. All these bones are almost symmetrical, with the 
single exception that in old specimens the length of the 
lower jaw is perceptibly greater on the blind side than 
on the eye side, or that we may even find the maxil- 
lary bone of the eye side a little longer than that of 
the blind side. We have found the length of the lower 
jaw to vary on the left side between about 147 2 and 
16 % of the length of the body, and on the right side, 
where it is usually a little longer than on the left, 
between a little more than 15 and 16 % of the length 
of the body. The length of the maxillary bones varies 
on the left side between somewhat over 12 and 1 3 1 / 3 
% of the length of the body, on the right side between 
1 1 1 / 2 and 137s 0/0 thereof. The teeth are of uniform 
size, set as usual in cards and turned obliquely inward, 
with the cards on the branches of the lower jaw and 
on the intermaxillary bones broadest in front and grow- 
ing narrower at the sides and behind. The lips are 
fleshy and on the inside thickly set with papillae. Of 
the transverse palatal folds within the jaws the upper 
is especially well-developed. On the head of the vomer 
we find a little, transverse card of small teeth. The 
rest of the palate is smooth. The tongue is smooth 
and fleshy, but flat, with the tip free and rounded. 
The gill-rakers are denticulated, and as in most of the 
Flatfishes, set in a single row on the first branchial 
arch, though one or two of the rakers which belong to 
the inner row are developed, while on the three pos- 
terior branchial arches they are set in two rows, but 
in the rows are coalescent by pairs. The largest rakers 
among the 15 or 16 which we find on the first bran- 
chial arch, are about equal in length, in adult specimens, 
to the diameter of the eye. The upper pharyngeal 
teeth are set, as usual, in three, obliquely transverse 
cards. The lower pharyngeal teeth form two oblong 
cards, pointed at each end and with the teeth in the 
innermost row slightly larger than in the other rows. 
J O 
We have not examined any old males. 
