464 
SCANDINAVIAN FISIIES. 
the vertebrae. On the bodies of the vertebrae behind 
this point, transverse processes are developed, in front 
of or above the spot occupied by the articular cavity of 
the ribs, and the points of insertion for the ribs (where 
they are present) are transferred to these processes; 
while to the ribs or to the processes (in the latter case 
only behind) epipleural bones are attached. In the anterior 
part of the body the transverse processes gradually in- 
crease backwards, both in length and breadth; in the 
posterior part of the abdominal region they diminish 
backwards, until they finally curve downwards towards 
each other, and form the htemal canal of the caudal 
region. Below these processes in the abdominal region, 
and united to their under surface, lies the large air- 
bladder, the protection of which is the purpose of their 
advanced development. Underneath they are more or 
less concave; or their margins may be bent downwards, 
as in the Arctic Gadus navaga , and united into a tube, 
closed on the outside. In this case a cucullate process 
of the air-bladder forces its way into each of the tubes, 
“foreshowing, as it were,” says Owen", “the pneumatic 
bones of the birds.” Another osteological characteristic 
of the Codfishes lies in the circumstance that in the 
first abdominal vertebrae, the foremost of which is often 
closely united to the occipital part of the head, the 
neural spines are longer than in the following vertebrae, 
while in most fishes they are shorter. The Codfishes 
have another remarkable characteristic — the first rays 
of the anal fin (sometimes the whole of the first anal 
fin) are set under the abdominal cavity, their inter- 
haemal spines lying loose among the ventral muscles, in- 
stead of joining the haemal spines of the caudal vertebrae. 
The Scandinavian fauna comprises the following 
genera of the Gadoid family: 
I: Three dorsal fins and two anal fins Genus Gaelics. 
II: Two dor sal fins and one anal fin: 
A: Anterior dorsal fin fully developed: 
a: Posterior dorsal fin and anal fin 
incised at the margin, and thus 
divided into an anterior, arcuate 
or rather straight part and a pos- 
terior, more lohate division. No 
barbels under the chin Genus Merlucius. 
b: Posterior dorsal fin and anal fin of 
more uniform height throughout, 
without incision at the margin. 
Chin furnished with a barbel: 
a: Ventral fins normal, with se- 
veral rays: 
cia: Canine teeth interspersed 
among the jaw-teeth and 
the vomerine teeth Genus Molua. 
[3(3: Jaw-teeth and vomerine 
teeth of uniform size and 
small Genus Lottcc. 
fj: Ventral fins apparently one- 
rayed, filamentous, and branched 
at the tip . Geuus Phycis. 
B: Anterior dorsal fin broken up into 
free, filamentous rays... Genus Onos. 
C: Anterior dorsal fin rudimentary, with 
only 3 rays Genus Rccniceps. 
Ill: One dorsal fin and one anal fin Genus Brosmius. 
Note. Divisions I, a, a, (3, B , C, and III are regarded by 
some writers as distinct subfamilies: Gadince, Merluciince, Lotince , 
Pbycince, Motellince , Ranicipitince , and Brosmnnce, corresponding to 
the genera recognised by Fries in the 1st edition of this work. 
Genes GADUS. 
Three dorsal fins , all fully developed , and two anal fins. Peduncle ( finless part) of the tail distinctly marked off. 
Ventral fins normal , with 6 rays. Jaw-teeth and vomerine teeth present. Branchiostegal rays 7. 
Klein 6 , who gave the genus the name of Callarias, 
teas the first to characterize it with the limitations ad- 
opted above; but this teas prior to the introduction of 
the Linnsean nomenclature. ArtedU had previously 
used the name which is now current, but with a wider 
application, comprising all the species of the Cod-family 
then known. 
Fifteen or sixteen existing species of this genus 
are indubitably known 1 ', all of them belonging to the 
Northern Hemisphere. Though distinctly marine fishes, 
“ Anat. of Vertebrates , vol. I, p. 38. 
b “Ad Callarias nullum alium, cum probatissimis autoribus, admittimus piscem, nisi qui dorsum liabet tripterygium." Hist. Pise. 
Miss. V, p. 5. 
c Gen. Pise ., p. 19. 
d (xOnther adopts and characterizes 18 species in his Catalogue ; but of this number Gadus macroeeplialus = G. callarias , G. euxi- 
nus — G. merlangus, G. fabnen — G. saida, and G. productus = a species of Merlucius. Gadus ogak, from Greenland, on the other hand, 
seems easy to distinguish from G. callarias , while Gadiculus argenteus , from the Mediterranean, the Bay of Biscay, and the Faroe Islands, 
has recently been shown to be a true Gadus. 
