HADDOCK. 
467 
systematic relation to the former as the Polar Cod and Gaclus navaga 
to the Common Cod. Gill gave the Haddock the generic name of 
Melanogrammus , with reference to the black, lateral spot — cf. above, 
p. 308, on the Dory. But the division represented by the Haddock has 
no more right to a special generic name than any of the other groups 
of the genus Gadus, as it was defined by Fries (1. c.). The elonga- 
tion of the snout and the reduction of the lower jaw are results of 
changes of development common to the Haddock and the other species 
of the genus; but the Haddock has advanced furthest in this course 
of development; and we, therefore, place it first in the series. How 
the changes of growth in this respect express a common direction of 
development, appears from the following table, in which we have 
summarized the results of our measurements of specimens belonging 
to the Royal Museum : 
It is evident from this table, first that in the same species the 
percentage is generally lower in young specimens than in older ones, 
and second, that in the species that occupy the lowest rank in each 
of the above groups of the genus, the percentage is also lower than 
in the others. The former species are also distinguished by their 
smaller size. However, the intermediate forms between the groups are 
so numerous, especially in the character given here, that even though 
we are able to distinguish between different series of development, 
these series are still best included in the same genus, especially as 
the most important specific characters lose a great portion of their 
validity when young specimens are in question. 
The average length attained by the Haddock in 
Scandinavia is between 30 and 50 cm. The largest 
specimen from Bohuslan that came under Malm’s ob- 
servation, was 79 cm. long. Fries was informed, how- 
“ In another specimen, 730 mm. long, we find a reversion to the juvenile characters, this percentage being 68'8, while in another, 
abnormal (macroceplialic) specimen, 212 mm. long, it is 8 1 ' 1 . 
h A Pacific species (with range extending from California to Alaska) which combines the characters of G. luscus with those of G. 
minutus — distinguished from both by the base of the second dorsal fin measuring less than half the distance between the tip of the snout 
and the first anal fin — but more nearly related than either to G. merlangus. 
c In another specimen, 210 mm. long, we find a reversion to the juvenile characters, the percentage in question being 53’0. 
