472 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
fathoms of water, between 10 and 15 kilometres from 
shore, and the hooks are baited with small Herrings 
or Sprats, which the Haddock likes best of all, until 
February, when a bait of shellfish is again adopted. 
When the weather permits, the lines are taken up as 
soon as they are set, but they often lie longer if the 
fisherman is driven by storm or hard weather suddenly 
to make for land. This always lessens the catch. The 
Myxine ( Myxine glutinosa ) now seizes its opportunity, 
creeps into • the hooked Haddock either through the 
mouth or the vent, and devours the flesh down to the 
bones without touching or damaging the skin. 
The Haddock is also taken on hand-lines ( dcirj ) 
all the year round, in the same way and at the same 
time as Whiting, if one only chooses the deep channels. 
The best bait is invariably the flesh of the mussel, 
but it sometimes happens that the Haddock bites, though 
far from readily, at a piece of Whiting. The bait should 
lie on the bottom, while for Cod and Whiting the line 
should be held so as to keep the bait a little way from 
the bottom. More experience is required, however, in 
fishing for Haddocks with a hand-line, for this fish 
makes sudden and violent struggles to free itself from 
the hook, and its mouth is looser and more easily torn 
than that of the Whiting. In this way the fisherman 
loses a great part of his fish while drawing them up. 
Most of the Haddocks caught in the North Sea are 
taken in the trawl; but the flesh of the Haddock is 
soft enough before, and after it has been tossed about 
in the trawl among other fish and stones, it can 
never be so good as that of the Haddocks taken on 
the hook. 
(Fkies, Smitt.) 
THE COMMON COD ( sw. torsken). 
GADUS CALL A Pd AS. 
Plate XXII, figs. 2 and 3; Plate XXIII, fig. I. 
Length of the base of the first anal fin less than half the distance between this fin and the tip of the snout. 
Upper jaw most prominent. Length of the lower jaw at least about 46 % of that of the head. Least depth of 
the tail at most about 42 % of the length of the lower jaw , but at least about 30 % of the length of the pectoral 
fins. Length of the head at least about 25 % of that of the body , and the least breadth of the interorbital space 
at most about 25 % of the length of the head. Lateral line whitish and curved. Caudal fin truncate. Coloration 
gray , green or red, more or less spotted but without any especially prominent , black spot on the sides. 
R. hr. 7; D. 1 2—1 5 1 6—20; 1 6 — 20 ; A. 17— 20)16—19; 
P. 18—21; V. 6; C. tf + 23— 27+®; Vert. 51— 54". 
Syn. Asellus major (p. 18 )+Asellus varius vel striatus (p. 19) + 
Asellus nanus (p. 20) : Schonev., Ichthyol. Slesv., Holsat. = 
Asellus major vulgaris (p. 1 65) + Asellus varius vel striatus 
Schonfeldii (p. 172); Willugb., Hist. P/sc. = Gadus, No. 
4 et 6, Art., Syn. Pise., p. 35 = Lin., Fn. Suec., ed. I, 
No. 293 et 295. 
Torsk, Lin., It. Ol., p. 87; Kabbelja + Torsk, It. Westr., 
p. 176 et 177; Tarsken, It. Scan., p. 220. 
Gadus Callarias, Lin., Syst. Nat., ed. X, tom. I, p. 252; 
Retz., Fn. Suec. Lin., p. 318; Cuv., Regn. Anim., ed. 2, 
tom. II, p. 332; Pall., Zoogr. Ross.'Asiat., tom. Ill, p. 182; 
Nilss., Prodr. Ichthyol. Scand., p. 40; Ekstr., Vet.-Akad. 
Handl. 1834, p. 38; Sciiagerstr., Physiogr. Sallsk. Tidskr., 
p. 297; Ekstr. et v. Wright, Skand. Fisk., ed. I, p. 191, 
tab. 47 ; Sundev., Stockli. L. Husb. Sallsk. Handl., LI. 6 (1855) 
pp. 82, 94, 166; Nilss., Skand. Fn., Fisk., p. 537; Jord., 
Gilb., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16, p. 804; Lillj., Su., 
Norg. Fisk., vol. 2, p. 31; Hansen, Zool. Dan., Fiske, 
p. 57, tab. IX, fig. 1. 
Gadus Morhua, Lin., Syst. Nat., 1. c.; Retz. ( G . morrlnia), 
1. c.; Cuv., 1. c., p. 331; Pall., 1. c., p. 181; Nilss., Prodr., 
p. 39; Fr., Skand. Ftsk., ed. I, p. 78; Kr., (G. Morhua) 
Danin. Fiske, vol. 2, p. 1; Nilss. (G. Morrliua ) Fn., 1. c.; 
Gthr, Cat. Brit, Mas., Fish., vol. IV, p. 328; Mgrn , Fin!. 
Fisk. (disp. Helsingf.) p. 27; Ofvers. Vet.-Akad. Fork. 1864, 
p. 528; Lindstr., Gotl. L. Hush. Sallsk. Arsber. 1866, p. 21 
(sep.); Coll., Fork. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1874, Tillsegsk., p. 103; 
ibid. 1879, No. 1, p. 65; N. Mag. Naturv., Bd. 29 (1884), 
p. 81 ; Malm, Gbgs, Boh. Fn., p. 480; Winth., Naturh. Tidskr. 
Kblivn, ser. 3, vol. XII (1879), p. 27; Bncke, Fiscli., Fischer., 
Fiscliz. O., IF. Preuss., p. 87; Mor., Hist. Nat. Poiss. Fr., 
The latter number according to Malm. 
