476 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
The cavity of the abdomen extends back to a line 
with the 6th — 9th rays in the first anal fin, or about 
half-way along the body behind the eyes, or almost 
twice the length of the head from the tip of the snout. 
To this point in the hind part of the bottom of the 
cavity the left lobe of the liver extends on the left 
side, and on -the right side the posterior part of the 
intestinal coil, which is double only in front. The 
intestine runs upwards from the pylorus, with its nu- 
merous appendages", under the anterior part of the 
stomach to the right, above the rounded middle lobe 
of the liver, where it curves backwards, and then runs 
straight to the end of the abdominal cavity and for- 
ward to the anterior corner of the latter, in about a 
line with the insertion of the pectoral fins. At this 
point it again bends sharply backwards, to the right 
of the stomach and finally under this organ, to the 
anal aperture, which has the bottom of the stomach 
just in front of it. Between the first bend of the in- 
testine and the anterior part of the stomach lies the 
gall-bladder, and behind the latter, between the coil of 
the intestine and the hind part of the stomach, the 
spleen. Both are oblong, the former with rounded ends, 
the latter more pointed at the extremities. In a female 
445 mm. long we find the length of the gall-bladder 
to be 25 mm., and of the spleen 24 mm.; in a male 
453 mm. long the length of the former is 24 mm., 
and of the latter 34 mm. The ovaries of the females 
(“ byxorna ” [breeches] as they are called by the fishermen) 
together form an X-shaped cross, with the tumid point 
of union situated in the anal region, and the anterior 
ends considerably elongated during the spawning-season. 
The testes of the males (“ kruset ” [crape]) are long and 
lobate at the spawning-season, like bands arranged in 
folds as in a frill. The air-bladder is white, but like 
the mother-of-pearl peritoneum, covered with black 
pigment, and has its thin roof firmly attached to the 
transverse processes of the spine almost throughout the 
length of the abdominal cavity. Its broad, convex, 
anterior end lies just behind the diaphragm, and sends 
out on each side a tubular process which runs forward 
to the diaphragm and rises like a vermiform blind sac 
by the side of the anterior portion of the kidney. The 
urinary bladder is fairly large and saccate, and is 
furnished on each side, or on only one side of the 
urethra with a smaller, but also saccate, secondary 
bladder. It opens in common with the sexual organs 
behind the vent, in the females just in front of a little, 
conical papilla, and in the males at the point of a 
similar papilla. 
Hermaphrodites of the Cod are sometimes met with. 
J. A. Smith describes two * 6 , the first with both ovaries 
fully developed, the second with the left ovary larger 
than the right. In both specimens the testes were de- 
veloped in front of and beside the right ovary, united 
by ligaments to the latter, and, in part at least, with 
tubular canals opening into it. 
The colour of this species is highly variable; but 
the general coloration, which applies to almost all the 
varieties, is as follows. The upper parts of the body 
are in general dark ash-gray or olive-gray, with dense, 
yellow or brownish, round spots, which are wanting on 
the anterior part of the head and more scattered down 
the sides. The lower parts of the body are whitish, 
without spots. All the vertical fins are gray, with more 
or less distinct, dark spots, which sometimes form trans- 
verse bands. The pectoral and ventral fins are lighter 
and plain, the latter being often of the same colour as 
the belly. In old and large Cod the iris is silvery, in 
younger ones yellowish, and in the dark olive-green or 
red variety more or less reddish. 
The different colour-varieties — due to the different 
phases of light and colour in different localities, to the 
different nature of the bottom or of their food — have 
received separate names, and may be distributed among 
three groups: 
1. The Great Cod ( Stortorsk ) or SJerej (PI. XXIII, 
fig. 1) also called Kabiljo c , Vdlgild torsk, and, 
when young, Small Cod ( Smdtorsk ) with clayey 
ground-colour, gray or blackish, with dark 
grayish brown or blackish spots above and 
lighter, brown or yellow spots at and below 
the lateral line. 
2. The Grass Cod ( Grdstorsk , PL XXII, fig. 2), olive 
or greenish gray, thickly strewn with grayish 
brown or brownish spots. When this variety 
a Kk 0 Yer counted 207 pyloric appendages, all closely united by connective tissue into larger and smaller bunches. 
6 Journ. of Anat. and Pliys., vol. IV (1869 — 70) p. 256. 
c Kabiljo ( Kabeljaauw ) or Baclceljo ( Backeljauue ) is an old Dutch name for the Cod, which is perhaps connected with the Latin 
baculum. Cf. bacclnts, above. Another ancient name of the Cod is the Dutch dogge , which is the origin of the name of the Dogger Bank 
in the North Sea. 
