482 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
to establish the genus Eleginus, while Bean proposed 
for the same reason 3 to restore Swainson’s genus Tilesici. 
But the singularity in point is only a more advanced 
development of the connexion between the air-bladder 
and these transverse processes that occurs in other spe- 
cies of the genus Garins. The two vermiform processes, 
from the front of the air-bladder, which we have just 
described in the Common Cod, occur in exactly the same 
form here; and a remnant of the pneumatic duct may 
occur in some specimens, as in the case of the Common 
Cod, though 1 have sometimes failed to find a trace of it. 
These two forms are so closely connected that the 
relationship between them must be regarded as even 
more intimate than that between Gad us callarias and 
G. ogac ; and the only constant distinction between 
them that has hitherto been suggested, is derived from 
the coloration — in navaga the dorsal side, above the 
transverse processes, which are externally perceptible to 
the touch, is grayish green with darker, brown spots, 
reminding us of the common Baltic Cod, while in 
wachnja the dorsal side is plain yellow or reddish gray 6 ; 
but the ventral side in both forms is silvery white, 
finely punctated with blackish brown. Their habitats, 
however, are distinct, as far as we can decide from our 
present acquaintance with them; and even if the above 
character is the only valid one, they must, therefore, 
lie regarded at least as distinct local varieties. G. navaga 
lives in the immediate neighbourhood of the Scandina- 
vian fauna, from the Murman coast and the White Sea 
at least as far east as the River Obi. G. gracilis was 
first discovered by Steller and Tilesius in Kamchatka 
Sea, and, according to Pallas, is known by the Japa- 
nese as tara. Nordenskiold bought it in quantities 
of the Cbukchees at Pitlekaj ; and we have a description 
by Turner, from Alaska, as well as a drawing from 
Nordenskiold’s winter-quarters, of the manner in which 
the Chukchees and Esquimaux catch this species during 
their winter-fishing in holes made in the iceb How far 
west wachnja goes, or how far east navaga , is a point 
on which we have no further information. If the forms 
are really distinct in their geographical range, they 
give us an excellent example of systematic separation 
in spite of the closest kinship, an example which is given 
as briefly as possible in the appended tables. First we 
give a table of averages of the most important ex- 
ternal relations in four specimens of navaga, varying 
between 171 and 240 mm. in length, and three of 
wachnja , between 345 and 382 mm. long. 
Average in 
4 specimens 
of navaga 
from 
Archangel. 
3 specimens 
of wachnja 
from 
Pitlekaj. 
Length of the body expi'essed in millimetres 
204 
358 
lower jaw... in % of the length of the body 
10.i ,l 
9.5 * 
Distance between the tip of the snout and the hind extremity of the maxillary hones „ „ „ „ „ ,, ,, „ 
8.8 f 
8.3 » 
Length of the base of the third dorsal fin.. ,, 
15.5 * 
14.7 ; 
Greatest depth of the body „ „ „ ,, „ „ ., „ 
13.8 
1(3.9 
breadth , „ ,, ,, ,, „ ,, 
10. s ! 
12.o “ 
Least depth „ ,, „ „ „ „ „ ., ,, 
3.7 71 
4.3 “ 
Length of the head _ ,, ,, „ ,, „ „ 
22 2 
22.2 
„ „ „ „ behind the eyes.. „ „ ,, „ „ „ „ 
hi 
11.0 
“ See Joan., Gilb., ]. c. 
b 
According to Turner the fish is gray 
c 
In summer, 
according to Turner, it is 
d 
Minimum in 
these specimens — 9 ’7. 
e 
Maximum ,, 
„ „ = 9’5. 
/ 
Minimum ,, 
l>- 
CO 
II 
j / 
Maximum ,, 
= 8M. 
h 
Minimum ,, 
„ „ = 15.2. 
i 
Maximum ,, 
„ „ =15-0. 
J 
5) )) 
„ „ =1(3-2. 
k 
Minimum ,, 
,, ,, = 16 7. 
l 
Maximum ,, 
„ „ =11-1. 
in 
Minimum ,, 
„ „ =1L3. 
" 
Maximum ,, 
„ „ = 3-9. 
0 
Minimum 
= 4-1. 
above, 
Alaska 
when fresh; and in some specimens small, dark spots appear on the sides, 
by fishing with long rods from jutting rocks. 
