492 
SCANDINAVIAN FISHES. 
The Whiting is taken principally by the hand-line 
or, as it is called in Bohuslan, the dorj. Though only 
one or at most two fish can be caught at the same 
time by this method, still this fishery is very produc- 
tive at spots where the Whiting is plentiful. A few 
hours are often enough to procure sufficient food for 
the day’s requirements. With hand-lines the Whiting 
is taken all the year round, the only conditions of 
success being that the fisherman knows how to choose 
the fishing-ground according to the time of year and 
is acquainted with the nature of the bottom. The lines 
may lie used at all hours of the day, but to the best 
purpose from dawn well into the forenoon and in the 
evening towards dusk. In summer the lines are plied 
from a boat which is kept stationary either by putting 
out a grapnel or by measured strokes of the oars. The 
latter method of counteracting the wind and current 
is known in Bohusl&n as “ andofva In autumn and 
winter the fishing is carried on at the landing-places 
with an ordinary rod, either a “sink-rod” ( sdnkspd ) or 
a float-rod (flotspo). Sometimes the fisherman fastens 
his boat to the pier, and uses a hand-line from 
the boat. The flesh of a live mussel ( Mytilus edulis) 
is the best bait, but it must not be taken out of 
the shell until required for use. If the mussel is 
large, it is cut in two. However, as this bait is 
often difficult to procure or too dear for the fisher- 
man, he has recourse to the expedient of using it 
only until he catches a fish, and then employing a 
bait of fresh Whiting cut into slices of suitable length, 
at which the Whiting bites readily. At a pinch one 
may begin with other shell-fish, shrimps, worms, or 
small fishes, for the Whiting is by no means hard to 
please. 
In the seine, especially the large Herring-seine, 
the Whiting is taken in considerable quantities; but 
the greater part of the catch is made up of fry or 
Whiting of small size, and at the seine-fishery no spe- 
cial attention is paid to this fish. In Bohuslan, how- 
ever, very small seines ( solvader , kassevader ) are also 
used to procure all sorts of small fish for the fisher- 
man’s daily wants; and this method has been found at 
the same time less troublesome and more productive 
than the hand-line. Whiting form the principal part 
of the catch in these small seines, which can only be 
used, however, at certain spots, where the bottom is 
so even that the seine can be drawn ashore without 
becoming entangled. It is also difficult to employ these 
seines in summer, on account of the multitude of jelly- 
fish with which the sea then swarms, and which en- 
tirely fill the seine when it is hauled up. In autumn 
again, the long seaweed gives great trouble by twist- 
ing and entangling the whole seine. 
The Whiting-fishery is of no inconsiderable value. 
The home-consumption of Whiting among the fishermen 
themselves can hardly be estimated with any exactness; 
but the supply of fresh Whiting brought to Gothen- 
burg Fish Market in the year 1879 is put down by 
v. Yhlen 6 at 1,607,400 fish of a total value of about 
45,000 crowns (£2,500), taking about 2 4 / 5 ore ( 3 / 8 d.) as 
the a verage price of each Whiting. On the Scotch coast 
during each of the years 1887 and 1888 nearly 4 million 
Whiting were taken, of an estimated value of between 
£26,000 and £27,000°. (Fries, Smitt.) 
The next two species are so closely related to each 
other that several writers, not without reason, have 
united them into one species. We shall also find that 
the relations of development between them are intimate 
in the highest degree. 
o o 
a Old Norwegian anclova , used in the same signification, from and, against, and pcefa, to press. Tit. 
b Intern. Fisch. Ausst. Berlin 1880, Swedish Catal., Append. I. 
c Fish Trades Gazette, vol. VI, No. 297 (26th Jan., 1889), p. 8. 
