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VITALITY  OF  SEEDS. 
The  duration  of  the  vitality  of  seeds  is  perhaps 
the  most  important  of  the  various  phenonieua  of 
plant-life,  especially  when  considered  in  connection 
with  the  introduction  into  a country  of  the  economic 
plants  of  other  countries.  It  is  a subject  that  has 
engaged  attention  fioin  veiy  early  times,  and  the 
literature  relating  t''ereto  is  considerable.  Much  of 
this,  however,  is  of  a traditional  and  unpractical 
character;  but  even  if  we  confine  ourselves  to  the 
demonstrable,  or  demonstrated,  the  subject  is  almost 
inexhaustible.  There  is  such  an  infinity  of  variety 
in  the  behaviour  of  seeds  under  different  conditions, 
that  it  is  impossible  in  a short  account,  such  as 
this  must  be,  to  do  more  than  convey  a general  idea 
of  the  subject.  Perhaps  the  best  vyay  to  treat  the 
question,  apart  from  technicalities,  is  to  consider  the 
vitality  of  seels  under  ordinary,  and  under  extra- 
ordinary, conditions.  In  the  development  and  germi- 
nation of  seeds,  there  is,  in  a sen  e,  usually  a period 
of  gestation  and  a period  of  incubation,  as  in  ovi- 
parous organisms  of  the  animal  kingdom ; and  the 
duration  of  these  periods  is  « ithin  definable  limits, 
under  ordinary  conditions  thoug  1 seeds  do  not  ex- 
hibit the  same  fixity  of  time  in  regard  to  develop- 
ment and  vitality  as  eggs.  The  embryo  of  a seed 
is  the  result  of  the  impregnation  of  the  female  ovum 
ill  the  ovary  or  young  see'd-vessel,  by  the  male  ele- 
ment, generated  in  the  anthers;  and  in  the  mature 
state  this  embryo  may  fill  the  whole  space  within 
the  skin,  or  testa,  of  the  seed,  as  in  the  bean  and 
acorn  ; or  it  may  be  a comparatively  minute  body, 
as  in  wheat,  maize,  and  other  cereals ; the  rest 
of  the  seed  being  fil  ed  with  matter  not  incor- 
porated in  the  embryo  Toe  difference  is  one  of 
degree  in  development.  In  the  one  case,  the  grow- 
ing embryo  has  absorbed  into  its  own  system,  as 
it  were,  before  germination  or  the  beginning  of  the 
growth  of  tbe  embryo  into  a new  plant,  the  v\hole 
of  the  nutrient  material  provided  in  the  seed  for 
reproduction  ; whereas,  in  the  latter  case,  the  process 
of  absorption  and  utilisation  of  the  “ albumen,”  or 
nutrient  matter,  takes  place  after  the  seed  is  de- 
tached from  the  parent  plant,  and  during  the  earliest 
stage  of  growth  of  the  new  plant ; so  that  the  plant 
is  nourished  until  it  has  formed  organs  capable  of 
assimilating  the  food  obtainable  from  the  atmosphere 
and  earth.  Between  these  two  extremes  of  develoji- 
meut  of  the  embryo,  or  future  plant,  before  orgauic 
connection  with  the  parent  ceases,  there  is  every 
conceivable  degree  and  variety  ; and,  as  will  presently 
be  explained  with  examples,  some  plants  are  vivi- 
parous,  in  the  sense  that  tbe  embryo  commences 
active  life  before  being  severed  from  the  parent,  so 
that  when  this  occurs  die  plant  is  in  a position  to 
draw  its  sustenance  from  unassimilated  or  inorganic 
materials.  Now  it  is  a curious  and  unexplainable 
fact  that  certain  seeds  exhibiting  extremes  of  embryonal 
development,  instanced  in  the  bean  and  wheat,  are 
equally  retentive  of  their  germinative  power.  The 
longevity,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  of  seeds  is  exem- 
plified in  *' exalbuminous”  seeds  as  well  as  in 
” albuminous”  seeds  of  every  degree.  It  should  be 
mentioned,  however,  that  the  difference  is  not  so 
much  one  of  assimilation  or  development  as  of  the 
earlier  or  later  transfer  of  the  nutrient  matter  of 
