140 
Supplement  to  the  “ Tropical  Agriculturist" 
[Aug.  1,  1896. 
A period  of  seven  years  elapsed  when  the  Ordin- 
ance No.  10  of  1885  was  passed,  the  principal  Or- 
dinance under  which  our  forests  are  regulated. 
It  is  intituled  “ An  Ordinance  relating  to  Forests 
and  Waste  Lands  and  to  the  felling  and  transport 
of  timber.”  This  Ordinance  is  based  chiefly  on 
the  Burmrli  Forest  Act.  An  expert  from  the  In- 
dian Forest  Department  was  sent  out  to  Ceylon 
a Mr.  Vincent — wlio  after  spending  several  months 
in  examining  the  Forests  of  Ceylon  made  a very 
exhaustive  report  u])on  the  subject.  The  result 
of  that  report  w.as  the  Ordinance  No.  10  of  188.5- 
The  Ordinance  comprises  a vast  number  of  de- 
tails, some  relating  to  tlie  whole  Island,  and  some 
relating  in  different  ways  to  different  parts  of  the 
Island.  In  order  that  the  cpiest ion  may  be  pro- 
perly dealt  with,  the  Ordinance  provides  that  the 
special  circumstances  should  be  dealt  with  by 
means  of  rules  to  be  made  to  suit  the  varying  cir- 
cumstances of  each  district. 
(To  he  continued.) 
THE  (QUANTITY  OF  MILK  REQUIRED  TO 
MAKE  A LB.  OF  BUTTER. 
Mr.  Huxton  in  his  article  on  Dairy  Husbandry  in 
the  Agricultural  Cyclopcedia  refers  to  the  churning 
of  100  gallons  of  milk  from  Fifeshire  cows  in  mid- 
summer and  obtaining  lb.  of  butter,  wliich  is 
at  the  low  rate  cf  1 lb.  butter  to  every  29  pints  of 
milk.  Mr.  Alton  wlio  has  written  on  the  Dairy 
Husbandry  of  Ayrshire  reports  the  milk  of  Ayr- 
shire cows  as  ordinarily  yielding  1 lb.  of  butter  to 
20  pints  milk.  The  following  are  other  instances  ; 
Mr.  Telfer’s  ordinary  yield  from  Ayrshire  cows 
was  1 lb.  for  20J  pints,  when  the  milk  was  richest 
it  gave  1 lb.  per  18  pints,  and  when  poorest  1 lb. 
per  24  pints. 
Mr.  Williams,  Cork  Co.,  in  one  of  the  most 
fully  detailed  accounts  that  exists  of  dairy  experi- 
ence stated  that  from  well-fed  and  well-bred  Irish 
cows  he  got  1 lb.  butter  from  224  pints  of  milk  in 
summer,  and  1 lb.  from  19^  pints  in  the  winter, 
for  the  whole  year  he  got  1 lb.  from  21^  pints. 
The  late  Mr.  Horsfall  of  Burly  Hall  near  Otley 
found  he  got  1 lb.  from  21  to  18J  pints  milk.  The 
average  yield  of  Mr.  T.  Scott’s  English  dairies, 
quoted  some  years  ago  before  the  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society,^  was  at  the  rate  of  1 lb.  butter  to 
nearly  25  pints.  These  differences  in  the  butter 
yield  are  of  course  traceable  to  original  differences 
in  the  quality  of  the  milk,  due  to  differences  of 
breed  and  of  individual  character  ; on  differences 
of  the  period  after  calving  and  the  age  of  the  ani- 
mals : and  on  differences  of  feeding. 
I’rof.  Long  referring  to  this  matter  writes ; “ We 
have  of  late  been  startled  by  extraordinary  records 
of  butter  produce  from  America,  where  Jersey 
cows  have  been  cultivated  and  stimulated  to  an 
almost  incredible  productiveness  ....  We 
fear  agricultural  maxima  have  little  influence  on 
a<mcnltural  averages;  and  while  we  do  not  refuse 
onr  belief  to  even  the  marvellous  stories  told  of 
Eurotas  and  other  extraordinary  American  Jerseys, 
we  fear  them  in  ordinary  experience  of  the  larger 
breeds  of  dairy  cows  in  this  country,  1 lb.  of  butter 
from  20  to  21  pints  of  milk  (about  24  gallons)  is 
more  nearly  the  average. 
In  his  interesting  i)aper  on  Milk  and  Milk  Pro- 
ducts in  India,  Mr.  James  Mollison,  Superintendent 
of  Farms  in  the  Bombay  Presidency,  states  as  the 
result  of  his  observations  at  the  Poona  Farm  during 
the  years  1891-93,  that  with  cows  13j  pints 
and  with  buffaloes  8i  pints  of  milk  were  re- 
quired respectively  for  producing  one  pound  of 
butter.  The.se  results  were  no  doubt  obtained 
with  the  use  of  the  cream  separator 
The  following  tables  are  taken  from  a report  by 
the  Director  of  the  Bombay  Agricultural  Depart- 
ments on  the  dairy  experiments  which  were  con- 
ducted in  that  Presidency.  The  experiments  were 
initiated  by  Mr.  Ilowman  of  the  London  Dairy 
Supply  Company,  and  show  the  results  in  butter 
production  (1)  by^  the  native  method  of  butter- 
making  and  (2)  by  the  use  of  the  cream  sepa- 
rator ; — 
Table  showing  quantities  of  cow  milk  in  pints 
and  ounces  required  to  produce  1 lb.  of  butter. 
By  Native  Method.  With  Separator, 
p.  _ Quantity  of  Quantity  of 
^ Milk.  Milk. 
Pints. 
Ounces. 
Pints. 
Ounces. 
Calcutta 
22 
...  13/r 
...  17 
...  2}? 
...  
...  13 
...  12 
Bankipore 
...  — 
...  — 
...  16 
...  19J 
Nadiad 
...  14 
...  14| 
...  16 
...  74 
Etawah 
..  22 
...  8 
...  19 
...  12 
Table  showing  quantities  of 
buffalo 
milk  re- 
quired  to  produce  1 
lb.  of  butter. 
By  Native  Method. 
With  Separator. 
Place. 
Quantity  of 
Quantity  of 
Milk. 
Milk. 
Pints. 
Ounces. 
Pints. 
Ounces. 
Poona 
...  16 
— 
...  9 
...  2f 
Bell  ary 
9 
...  9if 
...  8 
...  19i? 
Bankipore 
...  — 
— 
...  10 
...  7?4 
Nadiad 
...  8 
...  61 
...  8 
..  6| 
Etawah 
...  8 
..  10 

Saharanpnr 
...  — 
— 
...  11 
...  10| 

— 
..  11 
...  12 
...  
— 
...  12 
...  8 
Mr.  Mollison's  average  of  13}  pints  per  lb, 
of  butter  is  a high  one,  but  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  milk  came  from  cattle  well  fed  and 
housed,  and  treated  according  to  the  most  ap- 
proved methods  of  dairy  management.  It  would 
hardly  be  fair  to  take  this  as  the  average  for  an 
Indian  cattle.  The  cows  kept  on  the  Poona  farm 
are  also  w’ell  selected  animals  of  the  best  milking 
breeds,  such  as  Sind,  Gir,  and  Aden.  In  the  article 
on  Milk  and  Milk  Products  by  Mr.  Mollison — the 
first  part  of  which  appears  in  this  issue— will  be 
found  a comparative  analyses  of  the  milk  of  the 
Indian  cow,  the  English  cow,  and  the  buffalo, 
which  show  in  the  percentages  of  fat  how  it  is 
that  while  the  average  quantity  of  cows’  milk  re- 
quired for  1 lb.  of  butter  is  in  England  about  20 
pints,  in  India  it  is  about  14,  and  the  quantity  of 
buffalo  milk  is  about  9 pints. 
NOTES  FROM  WESTERN  INDIA. 
The  land  available  for  cultivation  in  and  near 
the  city  of  Bombay  is  very  limited,  but  the  little 
that  is  available  is  made  very  good  use  of.  A 
small  field  or  garden  in  the  vicinitj'  of  the  citj’  is 
looked  upon  as  a very  paying  concern,  for  the  pro- 
duce finds  a ready  market.  The  crops  grown  in 
this  neighbourhood  are  paddy,  Indian  corn,  pulses, 
vegetables  such  as  knolkhol,  radish,  turnips  and 
bringals,  fruits  such  as  raangoe.s,  oranges  and  cus- 
tard a])ples,  and  fodder  crops  including  lucerne 
and  ramnah  grass. 
