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( To  be  continued.) 
« 
THE  REPRODUCTION  OF  THE 
ORANGE  FROM  SEED. 
In  your  issue  of  April  25,  1896  (p.  527],  I notice 
Mr.  C.  Wolley  Dod  suggests  that  it  is  generally 
believed  by  gardeners  that  Orange  tifees  raised  from 
the  seed  of  a sweet  Orange  produce  bitter  fruit 
unless  grafted  on  to  the  sweet  Orange  tree.  As  I 
am  somewhat  familiar  with  Orange-growing  in  Florida, 
having  spent  several  years  here  in  studying  the 
industry,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  for  me  to  give 
some  notes  regarding  t’nis. 
SWEET  OKANGE  (ciTUUS  AUUANTIUM). 
The  seed  from  the  fruit  of  the  sweet  Orange,  I 
think,  we  may  safely  conclude,  invariably  produces 
sweet  Oranges  unless  they  are  the  results  of  hybridi- 
sation with  some  other  species  or  variety.  The 
evidence,  however,  is  somewhat  conflicting.  The 
experiments  of  Gallesio,  published  in  1811,  seem  to 
show  conclusively  that  the  belief  that  they  produce 
bitter  fruit,  which  Mr. Dod  suggests  is  quite  generally 
held  by  gardeners,  is  erroneous.  In  his  Traite  du 
Citrus,  Gallesio  says,  “ I have  during  a long  series 
of  years  sown  pips  of  sweet  Oranges,  taken  some- 
times from  the  natural  tree  and  sometimes  from 
Oranges  grafted  on  bitter  Orange  trees  or  Lemon 
trees.  The  result  has  always  been  trees  bearing  sweet 
fruit,  and  the  same  has  been  observed  for  more 
than  sixty  years  by  all  gardeners  of  Finale.  There 
is  no  instance  of  a bitter  Orange  tree  from  seed  of 
sweet  Oranges,  nor  of  a sweet  Orange  from  the  seed 
of  bitter  Oranges.  ...  In  1709,  the  Orange  trees  of  Fi- 
nale, having  been  killed  by  frost,  the  practice  of  rais* 
ing  sweet  Orange  trees  from  seed  was  introduced, 
and  every  one  of  these  plants  produced  the  sweet- juiced 
fruit.” 
Maefadyen’s  statement  regarding  the  experience  in 
Jamaica  is,  however,  in  opposition  to  Gallesio.  Macfad- 
yen  says,  “ It  is  a well-established  fact  familiar  to 
everyone  wi  o has  been  any  length  of  time  in  this 
island,  that  the  seed  of  the  sweet  Orange  very  fre- 
quently grows  up  into  a tree  bearing  the  bitter  fruit, 
numerous  well-attested  instances  of  which  have  come 
to  my  own  knowledge.  I am  not  aware,  however,  that 
the  seed  of  the  bitter  Orange  has  ever  grown  up  into 
the  sweet-fruited  variety.”  Duebassaing  says  that  in 
Guadeloupe  the  sweet  Oranges  often  yield  bitter  fruit, 
while  according  to  Dr.  Erust,  at  Caracas  they  sometimes 
yield  sour  but  not  bitter  fruit.  Brandis,  who  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  highest  authorities  on  this  subject, 
relates  that  at  Khasia,  in  India,  so  far  as  he  can  verify 
the  fact,  the  extensive  plantation  of  sweet  Oranges 
are  from  the  seed. 
It  IS  difficult  to  harmonise  these  conflicting  state, 
ments.  The  very  extensive  experience  of  Orange 
growers  in  Florida,  California,  and  Louisiana  entirely 
corroborates  Gallesio’s  statement.  In  Florida  for  many 
yeais  the  policy  has  been  extensively  followed 
of  growing  trees  from  seeds  of  sweet  Oranges  and 
in  all  cases  known  to  tlie  writer,  sweet  Oianaes 
usually  of  a very  fair  quality,  have  been  produced’ 
Indeed,  the  fruit  of  the  sweet  seedling  Orange  treei 
in  Florida  is  of  superior  quality  to  the  fruit  com- 
monly imported  into  the  United  States,  and  jg  vvell- 
known  in  the  markets  of  New  York,  Piiiladelnhin 
ifec.  Probably  one-forth  of  the  Florida  Oranee 
groves,  which  in  the  season  of  1894-95  yielded  over 
one  billion  Oranges,  are  sweet  seedling  trees  It  is 
so  thoroughly  understood  that  see  is  froni  sweet 
fruit  produce  sAeet  Oranges  of  a fair  quality  that 
no  grower  has  any  hesitation  to  i-ear  extensive 
groves  from  sweet  seed  trees.  Since  the  severe  freezes 
of  the  winter  of  1894-95,  which  killed  to  the  ground 
almost  all  of  the  trees  in  the  State,  many  groves 
which  were  originally  budded  on  sweet  stock  are 
being  re-grown  by  allowing  sprouts,  which  have  been 
thrown  up  by  the  sweet  seedling  stock,  to  grow 
into  trees  without  budding.  This  illustrates  how  well 
it  is  know, I by  Florida  growers  that  sweet  seedling 
Orange  trees  produce  go  d sweet  fruit.  In  Louisiana 
tiiid  California  sweet  seeding  trees  have  also  been 
grown  to  considerable  extent,  »ud  always  so  far 
as  I can  learn,  with  the  same  results  that  from  seeds 
of  sweet  Oranges  sweet  fruit  is  produced. 
Mr.  William  Fawcett,  director  of  the  Jamaica 
public  gardens,  states  that,  “The  evidence  goes  to 
show  that  Maefadyen’s  experience  was  exceptional  in 
finding  that  the  seeds  of  the  sweet  Orange  sometimes 
produced  trees  with  bitter  fruit TJie  danger  in 
planting  seedlings  of  the  sweet  Orange  appears^ti  be 
small,”*  Mr.  Syme  also  says,f  “ The  popular  opinion 
in  Jamaica  that  the  majority  of  the  seeds  of  a sweet 
Orange  will  produce  sour  Orange  plants  is  not  quite 
well  founded,  though  there  need  be  little  surprise  felt 
if  a goodly  proportion  of  the  trees  are  productive  of 
sour  fruits.  It  may  be  safely  asserted  that  there  are 
few  good  sweet  Orange  trees  in  this  island  (Jamaica) 
* Bull  Bot.  Department  of  Jamaica,  No.  4,  Nov.,  1887, 
t Bull.  Bot.  Department  of  Jamaica,  No.  42,  April,  1893| 
