Jan.  I,  1897.1 
THE  TROPICAL  AGRICULTURIST. 
4n 
Tlio  llessiauFly  ((’cridomi/im  dent ructor)  is  another 
of  the  Cccidomyiir  which  is  very  hiutful  to  various 
kinds  of  coru  in  America,  and  in  various  places  on 
the  Continent  of  Europe,  and  which  was  first  ob- 
served in  this  country  in  the  year  1886.  With  us 
the  attack  is  in  some  degree  to  wheat,  but  chiefiy 
to  barley  ; and  it  does  not  appear  likely  to  be  a 
serious  crop-peat.  The  perfect  fly  much  resembles 
a stout-made  little  brown  gnat,  about  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  in  length,  with  one  pair  of  smoky-grey 
wings,  and  with  long  horns. 
The  attack  may  be  to  the  young  plant,  but  with 
us  it  mostly  occurs  only  as  a summer  infestation 
to  the  growing  stalk,  where  the  small  white  legless 
maggot  feeds  outside  the  stalk,  but  inside  the  leaf- 
sheath  just  a little  above  one  of  the  knots.  Com- 
monly it  is  just  above  the  second  knot,  but  the 
attack  may  occur  lower  down  at  the  first  knot,  or 
close  to  the  root,  or  higher  up  above  the  third  or 
fourth  knot.  The  mark  of  attack  being  present  is 
the  stem  elbo,>ing  sharply  down  just  above  where 
the  maggot  lies.  It  does  not  commonly  break,  but 
iruless  the  straw  is  very  firm,  it  bends  at  the 
weakened  spot,  and  thus  damage  is  caused  to  the 
fallen  head,  besides  difficulty  in  reaping  from  the 
confused  state  of  the  straw.  The  maggot  may  live 
for  about  four  weeks  in  this  position,  and  then  it 
changes  at  the  spot  at  which  it  fed,  to  a flat  brown 
chrysalis,  in  the  size  and  shape  and  colour  minutely 
resembling  a rather  small  and  narrow  flax  seed, 
whence  the  name  of  “flax  seeds”  is  commonly  given 
to  these  chrysalis-cases  or  puparia.  Within  this  hard 
outer  husk  the  maggot  changes  to  chrysalis,  aud  the 
chrysalis  to  the  perfect  fly,  but  how  long  this  may 
take  depends  very  much  on  circumstances.  It  ray 
occur,  under  natural  and  favourable  circumstances, 
so  soon  that  the  whole  time  occupied  in  the  life 
of  the  fly  from  egg  to  development  is  only  about 
forty-eight  days  ; or  under  favourable  circumstances 
t may  be  retarded.  Thus  some  of  the  Hessian  flies 
may  come  out  in  autumn  on  the  fields ; whilst  some 
of  the  “flax-seeds”  threshed  out,  or  stacked  in  the 
straw,  or  kept  artificially  for  investigation,  may  very 
likely  not  hatch  ==  util  May,  or  much  later  in  the 
following  year. 
With  this  attack,  more  than,  perhaps,  almost  any 
other,  we  rest  on  the  application  of  common 
cultural  measures,  and  dates  of  sowing,  for  the 
treatment  which,  joined  to  effects  of  the  climate, 
has  hitherto  kept  this  infestation  in  check.  A great 
part  of -the  damage  caused  by  the  maggot  s pre- 
sence, arises  from  the  stem  being  so  weakened  that 
it  elbows  down  ; therefore,  all  selection  of  kinds  of 
seed,  aud  all  treatment  calculated  to  give  a healthy 
strong  straw  which  will  not  give  way  under  a moder- 
ate amount  of  maggot  infestation,  are  direct  means 
of  preventing  loss.  So  far  as  wheat  is  concerned, 
our  usual  time  of  autumn  wheat-sowing  places  the 
spring  of  the  young  plant  well  after  the  lime  when 
the  summer  Hessian  flies  are  about.  In  the  process 
of  threshing,  the  so-called  “ flax-seeds”  are  thrown 
down  with  the  light  screenings,  and  can  readily 
be  gathered  up  with  them  and  destroyed,  thus 
putting  an  end  to  all  chance  of  recurrence  of  at- 
tack from  this  cause;  and  as  hitherto  we  have  only 
been  troubled  by  the  summer  attack  on  the  corn 
stems,  and  had  no  difficulties  from  tlie  additional 
multiplication  caused  by  a winter  infestation  on  the 
young  plants,  it  may  be  well  hoped  that  this  coi  n 
attack  will  not  take  the  serious  place  in  this  couriti y 
which  it  does  in  many  other  parts  of  the  world. 
di- 
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