Jan.  1,  1897.] 
SU2:>plement  to  the  “ Tropical  Agriculturht." 
505 
of  the  intelligent  native  or  European  capitalistand 
find  better  means  of  investment  or  embark  in  in- 
dustrial schemes  or  trade.  They  have  been  accus- 
tomed from  generation  to  generation  to  cultivate 
their  lands  the  only  occupation  which  they  have  any 
knowledge  of;  and  giving  up  this  occupation  they 
find  themselves  possessed  of  money  which  is  com- 
paratively of  little  value  to  them  and  does  them 
little  good  in  the  long  run.  It  has  been  said  that 
those  villagers  who  own  large  tracts  of  partly 
cultivated  land  will  benifit  by  selling  a portion  of 
their  holdings  and  applying  the  proceed  towards 
the  improvement  of  the  remainder.  But  the 
question  is,  do  they  ? Is  it  not  rather  the  case 
that  he  who  experiences  the  novel  pleasure  of 
possessing  money  and  of  spending  it  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  luxuries,  does  not  cease  to  spend  till  there 
is  nothing  left  of  his  money  h 
it  often  happens  that  a capitalist  is  able  to 
buy  only  a small  bit  of  land,  say,  twenty  to  fifty 
acres,  but  before  such  a purchase  is  effected  the 
first  inquiry  the  buyer  makes  is,  whether  there 
are  any  more  native  lands  surrounding  the  block  : 
if  there  are  any  he  is  quite  satisfied,  since  he 
knows  fully  well  that  he  will  be  able  to  extend 
his  property  by  making  further  purchases  from 
the  villagers.  Often  it  is  the  village  headman,  who 
with  the  object  of  pleasing  a wealthy  proprietor 
induces  the  villager  to  part  with  his  lands 
to  extend  a newly  purchasesd  property.  If  the 
villager  does  not  see  his  way  to  oblige  his  head- 
man it  will  happen  in  many  instances,  that  the 
form'er  will  lose  both  the  land  as  well  as  the  money. 
It  is  well  known  thatUn  many  cases  the  villager  is 
induced  to  part  with  his  land,  by  bringing  outside 
influence  to  bear  on  him  and  very  often  by  harassing 
him  in  a hundred  and  one  ways.  He  will  be  pro- 
Becuted  for  trespass  on  the  capitalists’  land,  he 
will  be  charged  for  damages  for  the  tresspass  of 
his  cattle,  his  cattle  will  be  shot  down,  a survey 
will  be  made  and  the  villager  probably  charged 
with  encroachment,  and  in  the  end  he  will  be  forced 
to  see  that  if  he  parts  with  his  land  he  will  be 
rid  of  all  this  worry  and  will  in  addition  get  a 
little  money  for  his  expenses.  How  many  pro- 
perties are  there  not,  in  the  Kurunegala  and 
Hegalle  Districts,  which  began  with  twenty  to 
thirty  acres  or  fifty  acres  and  which  have 
now  extended  to  hundred  and  hundreds  of  acres. 
How  many  men  who  possessed  land  at  one  time 
and  who  led  a life  of  peace  and  plenty  in  their 
villages  have  turned  out  to  be  penniless  drun- 
kards vagrants  and  thieves  ? A census  will  show 
that  they  could  be  counted  by  hundreds,  and  yet 
the  “ Capatalists  ” complain  of  a little  wholesome 
advise  given  to  these  villages  by  a well  inten- 
tioned  revenue  officer.  Mr.  Davidson’s  circular 
has  been  published  in  the  vernacular  papers  since 
the  discussion  in  Council  and  the  fact  is  that 
he  has  under  stated  the  case  instead  of  over  stat- 
ing it.  All  the  vernacular  papers  in  the  land, 
papers  which  are  often  in  conflict  with  one  another 
in  their  opinions,  are  unanimous  in  welcoming  the 
circular  in  question  as  one  that  was  not  issued  a 
day  too  soon.  In  fact  most  people  who  know  any- 
thing about  the  villager  and  village  life  would  like 
to  see  the  intervention  of  Government  to  prevent 
the  sale  of  native  ancestral  holdings,  to  the  first 
capitalist  who  can  pay  down  money  or  exercise 
liis  influQUCe  to  acquire  them.  W .A.D.S. 
MILK  AND  MILK  PRODUCTS. 
By  Mb.  Jame.s  Mollison 
Sup>t.  Govt.  Farms,  Bombay. 
{Continued^ 
The  wash  room  with  a built-in  copper  boiler 
should  be  a separate  building. 
The  dairy  for  a herd  of  20  to  40  milk  cattle 
should  be  equipped  as  follows  : — 
Rs.  a.  p. 
One  Laval  Separator  “Alpha  Baby”; 
separates  30  gallons  per  hour;  com- 
plete ...  ...  ...  ...  360  0 0 
Refrigerator  with  stand  and  fittings, 
complete,  with  two  block  tin  drums 
or  receivers  ...  ...  ...  190  0 0 
Six  block  tin  pails  ...  ...  ...  36  0 0 
Two  milk  strainers,  one  fitted  with  wire 
gauze,  the  other  with  muslin  ...  5 0 0 
Two  hair  sieves  ...  ...  ...  3 0 0 
Sandringham  Herd  Recorder  Avith  pail 
and  tripod  for  weighing  milk  ...  35  0 0 
Iron  scales  with  China  pan  for  weighing 
butter  ...  ...  ...  .».  14  0 0 
Temperature  can  ...  ...  ...  4 8 0 
Theimometer  ...  ...  ...  2 8 0 
Half  pint,  1 pint  and  1 quart  measures 
Avith  hook  handles  ...  ...  ....  5 0 0 
Victoria  Churn  (No.  3)  to  churn  40  lbs. 
of  cream  ...  ...  ...  ...  85  0 0 
Cunningham  butter  Avorker  ...  ...  45  0 0 
One  pair  Scotch  hands,  one  pair  scoops 
ana  one  pair  beatersfor  handling  butter  10  0 0 
Moulds  and  prints  for  Making  2oz.,4  oz., 
and  8 oz.  pats  of  butter  ...  3 0 0 
Set  of  three  cleaning  brushes  for  churus, 
cans  and  separator  ...  ...  ...  4 8 0 
One  gallon  refined  oil  for  separator  400 
Total...  806  8 0 
Cream-separator, s as  now  manufactured  are 
simple  and  effectiA'’e,  and  although  protected  by 
patents,  which  necessarily  enhance  their  valu6| 
are  still  moderately  cheap.  They  vary  in  size  and 
price.  The  hand  power  machines  can  effectively 
separate  30  to  40  gallons  of  milk  per  hour.  The 
larger  horse  or  steam  power  machines  separate 
200  gallons  or  more.  The  principle  of  all  is  the 
same.  The  milk  is  fed  at  a regular  rate  into  a 
cylinder  which  revolves  at  high  speed.  The  rate 
of  revolution  is  so  great  that  it  exercises  cen- 
trifugal force  on  the  milk  constituents.  The 
lighter  cream  forms  itself  into  a column  Avhich 
occupies  the  centre  of  the  cylinder  whilst  the 
heavier  separated  milk  is  thrown  against  the  inner 
wall  of  the  cylinder ; each  product  escapes  se- 
parately from  the  cylinder  and  runs  through  .se- 
parate tubes  into  different  vessels.  The  De  Laval 
“ Windsor”  hand-power  machine  is  the  one  in 
most  common  use  in  India.  It  separates  3d 
gallons  per  hour  and  costs  in  England  £ 24.  For 
thorough  separation  the  handle  should  be  worked 
at  a regular  rate  of  38  revolutions  per  minute  ; 
if  worked  at  a higher  rate,  the  cream  comes  thick; 
if  at  a lower  rate,  separation  is  not  complete. 
The  driving  power  is  obtained  partly  by  cog- 
wheels and  partly  by  friction  pulleys.  The 
cylinder  revolves  on  the  latter.  If  tlie  friction 
pulleys  are  coated  Avith  oil,  the  cylinder  partly 
turns  with  and  partly  slips  upon  the  friction 
pulleys,  and  therefore  although  the  handle  gets 
the  correct  number  of  revolutions,  the  cylindej; 
