THE  TROPICAL  AGRICULTUPIST. 
Feb.  I,  1897.] 
517 
lies  and  feeds,  will  answers  well ; and  lard  or  rancid 
butter,  mixed  with  a little  sulphur,  has  also  been 
found  to  answer.  Tar  answers  if  carefully  placed, 
so  as  to  be  absolutely  011  the  hole,  into  the  warble. 
Bought  cattle  are  often  badly  infested,  and  need 
attention. 
To  prevent  fly  attack  in  summer,  tiain-oil  rubbed 
along  the  spine,  and  a little  on  the  loin  and  ribs, 
has  been  found  useful  ; so  has  the  following  mix- 
ture— 4 oz.  flowers  of  sulphur,  1 gill  sjiirits  of  tat, 
1 quart  train  oil ; to  be  mixed  well  together,  and 
applied  once  a-week  along  each  tide  of  the  spine  of 
the  onimal.  With  both  the  above  applications  it 
has  been  observed  that  the  cattle  so  dressed  were 
allowed  to  graze  in  peace,  without  being  started  off 
at  the  tearing  gallop  so  ruinous  to  flesh,  milk,  and, 
in  the  case  of  cows  in  calf,  to  produce. 
Where  cattle  are  suffering  badly  from  warbles,  so 
that  the  health  is  clearly  affected,  and  the  animal 
wasting,  the  use  of  the  old  well-known  black  oils 
has  been  found  to  do  much  good. 
Mr.  Henry  Thompson,  m.r.c.v.s.,  gives  the  following 
recipe  used  for  a bad  case; — “Turpentine,  li  oz. ; 
sulphuric  acid  1 drachm  (here  a chemical  action 
seta  in  and  must  be  done  with  caution).  To  this 
I added  10  oz.  raw  linseed,  and  rubbed  the  cow’s 
back  once  a day  with  the  mixture.  ...  In  a 
fortnight  the  back  was  cleaned,  and  all  the  mag- 
gots destroyed. 
There  are  many  other  points  that  bear  on  pre- 
vention, of  which  one  is  the  noting  that  Warble  Flies 
are  most  active  in  heat  and  sunshine,  and  appear 
not  to  pursue  cattle  over  water;  consequently,  allow- 
ing the  cattle  the  power  of  sheltering  tiiemselves, 
and  access  to  shallow  pools,  is  desirable.  Likewise, 
with  regard  to  pastures,  or  standing-ground  of  in- 
fested cattle,  it  is  matter  of  course  that  where 
the  maggots  have  fallen  from  their  backs  the  flies 
will  shortly  appt'ar  to  start  new  attacks. 
The  attack  of  the  Sheep  Bot  Fiy  is  a very  serious 
matter,  which  causes  much  suffering  to  the  animals, 
and  loss  to  their  owners.  This  fiy  is  rather  larger 
than  the  common  house  fly,  and  of  an  ashy  colour, 
spotted  with  black  between  its  wings  and  silvery  or 
yellowish  white.  The  female  either  lay  her  eggs,  or 
deposits  living  maggots  on  the  margins  of  the  nos- 
trils of  the  sheep  by  means  of  the  mouthhooks  with 
which  they  are  furnished,  and  attach  themselves  to 
the  membranes  of  the  cavities.  Here  they  feed  on 
the  mucus;  and  it  is  stated  that  they  at  times  feed 
oil  the  membrane  itself.  Their  presence  causes  great 
irritation  ; and  where  the  attack  is  severe  leads  to 
gradual  loss  of  strength,  and  convulsions  and  the 
death  of  the  animal.  When  full  grown  the  maggots 
are  about  an  inch  in  length,  ahd  in  the  common 
course  of  thing.s  they  remain  in  the  head  of  the 
sheep  for  ten  months  to  a year  beforo  they  are 
mature.  They  then  leave  the  animal,  by  going  down 
tho  nostrils,  and  fall  to  the  ground,  where  they  turn 
— either  amongst  roits  of  grass,  or  in  any  conve- 
nient place  above  or  below  the  surface — to  a black 
or  brown  pupa,  from  which  the  fly  comes  out  in 
about  six  or  eight  weeks,  or  after  a variable  number 
of  days,  according  to  the  ciimato. 
The  preventive  in  this  case  is  to  keep  the  fly 
from  getting  access  to  the  nose  of  the  sheep,  The 
sheep  protect  themselves  to  the  best  of  their  power 
by  holding  their  nostrils  down  to  the  ground,  or  in 
any  other  position  which  will  keep  off  the  fly,  when 
they  are  aivare  of  attack,  and  this  principle  is  worked 
on,  in  the  application  of  tar  or  other  remedies  to 
keep  the  fly  from  settling. 
The  attack  of  Sheep  Islostril  Maggot  is  of  quite  a 
different  nature  from  that  of  the  Cienurus  cercbralis, 
or  Hydart,  which  in  its  young  state  causes  the  disease 
known  as  staggers  or  “ gid’’  in-sheep ; but  the  two 
attacks  are  popularly  confused.  Tne  differenc.?  is 
easily  shown  by  an  anatomical  demonstration  of 
the  maggots  in  the  nostrils  in  one  case,  and  the 
hydatid-infested  brain  in  tlie  other. 
The  Forest  Fly  ( lliinioboica  equina),  which  infests 
horses  and  cattle,  and  is  especially  common  in  the 
New  Forest  in  Hampshire,  im.y  be  taken  as  a typo 
of  the  division.  This  fly  possesses  an  egg-like  pupa, 
and  also  a peculiar  toothed  claw.  The  main  colours 
of  the  little  fly  are  brown  or  black,  varied  with 
some  shade  of  yellow.  It  causes  irritation  both 
by  blood  sucking,  and  by  creeping,  which  it  can  do 
backwards,  forwards,  or  sideways  with  great  nimble- 
ness, on  the  parts  of  the  animal  especially  preferred 
for  infestation.  The  remedies  used  are  local  appli- 
cations obnoxious  to  the  fly,  and  careful  attention  to 
cleanliness. 
In  some  cases  the  head  of  these  flies  {puqnpara)  is 
so  withdrawn  into  the  body,  and  the  horns  into  the 
head,  that  in  addition  to  their  sometimes  being  with- 
out wings  or  poisers  they  have  a spider-like  appear- 
rance,  and  are  known  as  Spider  Flies.  The  Melopha- 
f/us  oviuus,  known,  though  incorrectly,  as  the  “ Sheep- 
tick,’’  which  lives  in  the  wool  and  sucks  the  blood 
of  the  sheep,  is  one  of  this  division. 
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( Concluded  from  page  4d4.) 
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