477 
of Edinburgh, Session 1879-80. 
A single instance of the value of such explorations may not he 
out of place here. Dr Eobinson, the famous American traveller, 
discovered at the south-west angle of the Haram enclosure, the 
haunch stones of an ancient arch, and identified them as belonging 
to the bridge leading from the royal cloister to the upper city. 
Canon Williams challenged this assumption, and stated his opinion 
that Josephus should be understood to refer not to a bridge but 
to an embankment. The controversy extends over about twenty 
pages of print. 
A single mine of Colonel Warren’s set the question at rest, by 
the discovery of the great west pier of the ancient bridge, and of 
the voussoirs lying on the pavement 42 feet below the present 
surface, proving the existence of a magnificent viaduct 80 feet high 
with arches 42 feet span. Not content with this discovery, Colonel 
Warren broke through the pavement and sunk his shaft still 20 
feet before reaching the rock, where, jammed in the channel of a 
rock-cut aqueduct, he discovered the voussoir of a yet older bridge, 
which had been overthrown before the pavement was constructed 
on an accumulation of 20 feet depth of rubbish. The earlier 
bridge is believed to be that mentioned as having been broken 
down at the time of Pompey’s siege of Jerusalem ; while the second 
viaduct, constructed by Herod the Great, was standing in the time 
of Christ, and was overthrown during the great siege of Titus. 
Colonel Warren’s explorations included a fairly complete ex- 
amination of the southern, eastern, and western walls of the great 
enclosure of the Haram or “ Sanctuary,” and an examination of the 
passages, cisterns, and vaults in the interior. 
The Haram is a quadrangle containing 35 acres, the interior 
surface roughly levelled, being partly rock, partly supported on 
great vaults, and partly filled in with earth, behind the great 
rampart walls. The four sides are of unequal length, the shortest 
wall being that on the south, 922 feet long. The south-east angle 
measures 92° 30,' and the south-west is a right angle. The east wall 
is 1530 feet long, the west wall 1600, and the north 1042 feet. 
In the north-west corner the rock has been cut down on the 
interior so as to leave a great block, 40 feet high, standing above the 
court, and now occupied by barracks. This rocky citadel measures 
350 feet along the north wall of the Haram and 100 feet north and 
