482 
Proceedings of the Royal Society 
to the Sanctuary at Jerusalem, so far as they have reference to the 
Jewish Temple. Briefly ennumerated they are as follows : — First , 
The existence of ramparts of gigantic masonry plainly attributable to 
the Jewish period and probably to the age of Herod the Great. 
Secondly , The recovery of a rock citadel with an outer fosse at the 
north-west angle ; of an ancient viaduct of the Herodian period at 
the south west-angle ; and of the great Ophel wall abutting on the 
Sanctuary at the south east-angle. Thirdly, The existence of two 
southern gateways of the Jewish period and of two western portals, 
in addition to the entrance over the bridge and other passages in the 
interior of the area. Fourthly , The determination of the rock-levels 
throughout the area, and the fact that the Sacred Rock occupies the 
culminating point of the broadest part of the Temple ridge. 
These facts have all more or less important bearings on the great 
question of the restoration of the Temple enclosure, which is one of 
the most important subjects of controversy in the topography of 
Jerusalem. Authorities are at present divided into two parties, the 
largest of which recognises in the present Sanctuary enclosure, as a 
whole, the area of the J ewish Temple as restored by Herod ; while 
the smaller party, following the teaching of Mr James Fergusson, 
supposes that Herod’s Temple occupied only a square of 600 feet 
side in the south-west portion of the area. 
The reason for this last assumption is the statement given by 
Josephus, that Herod’s Temple enclosure measured a furlong on 
either side — approximately 600 feet ; and until it had been ascer- 
tained that the eastern wall, and the northern and eastern parts of 
the west and south walls of the Sanctuary (wherever examined) were 
of antiquity equal to that of the ramparts towards the south-west 
part of the area, such a theory had many points in its favour. The 
recovery of the great Ophel wall has, however, proved to be the 
most important of the many valuable discoveries made by Colonel 
Warren, because Josephus has clearly stated that the Ophel wall 
joined the east wall of Herod’s Temple, just as the rampart now 
found joins the east wall of the present Haram. The existence of a 
rock citadel and fosse on the north-west answers also exactly to the 
account which Josephus gives of the citadel of Antonia, which 
dominated the Temple courts ; and three angles of the ancient 
enclosure are thus identified with corresponding angles of the 
