489 
of Edinburgh, Session 1879 - 80 . 
fidently expect to recover are the rocky scarps which formed the 
base of the walls in various parts. 
The modern walls of Jerusalem are partly composed of ancient 
drafted masonry, which is, however, not in situ , and there seems good 
reason to suppose that the materials of which the present fortifications 
are composed were taken from the ancient walls. The ramparts 
have been destroyed and rebuilt seven times since the siege of Titus, 
and the disappearance of all traces of the ancient third wall is most 
easily explained, on the supposition that its stones have been removed, 
since there is no great accumulation of rubbish to hide any remains 
which might exist north of the city. 
Even within the last half century many relics of the ancient city 
have been lost for ever. Dr Robinson speaks of the remains of 
towers north-west of the city, which have now entirely disappeared 
beneath modern buildings. There can he little doubt that these 
represented the course of the third wall, and the careful measurements 
and angular observations of Dr Robinson are thus of the highest 
value. In 1864 other remains were noted, during the execution of 
the Ordnance Survey, of ancient masonry, which has since been broken 
up by the peasantry. The accumulation of rubbish in Jerusalem 
has in fact been of the greatest service to antiquarians, and where 
no rubbish exists the ancient buildings have been entirely destroyed. 
The first wall of Jerusalem defended the upper city. At the 
north-west angle was a fortress with three famous towers, Hippicus, 
Phasaelus, and Mariamne, which stood on solid bases and protected 
Herod’s palace. 
There can be little doubt that the present citadel south of the 
Jaffa Gate marks the site of this fortress. The great tower now 
called David’s Tower has been proved to stand on a solid base. Its 
dimensions are almost exactly those given by Josephus for Phasaelus, 
and it resembles that tower also in having an outer platform with a 
hattlemented wall. The north-west tower of the citadel may mark 
the site of Hippicus, hut the present structure is rather larger than 
the tower which Josephus describes as the corner tower of the first 
wall on the north-west. 
The modern citadel is surrounded by a fosse, and east of this is 
the market place standing on arches, the rock being 30 feet below 
the surface of the street. 
