491 
of Edinburgh, Session 1879 - 80 . 
of the scarp already recovered might, however, probably result in 
the settlement of this question. 
The second wall is very briefly described by Josephus. It 
started from a certain gate in the first wall called Gennath, which, 
appears to have been at no great distance from the tower Hippicus 
and it ran thence in a curve to Antonia, enclosing the lower city. 
The gate Gennath has not yet been found, and this also is one of 
the great future objects of research. No certain relics of this wall 
indeed have been as yet recovered, for the remains of drafted 
masonry which Canon Williams found east of the Church of the 
Holy Sepulchre have been very carefully examined, and prove to 
have belonged to a building which the Due du Vogue has shown to 
have been part of the ancient Basilica of Constantine, built in 335 
a.d. over the supposed site of the Holy Sepulchre. The northern 
scarp of the rock-cut fosse which separated the tower Antonia from 
the northern hill of Bezetha has been traced westwards for some 
distance. It seems very probably to have formed the counterscarp 
of a ditch outside the second wall. Colonel Warren also found 
remains of a rocky scarp facing northwards within (or south of) 
the line of the above mentioned counterscarp, but this investigation 
is as yet incomplete, and a shaft is much needed within the precincts 
of an open plot of ground immediately west of the scarped rock of 
Antonia. 
The materials of which the third wall was composed seem, as 
already remarked, to have been removed by the builders of the later 
walls of the city. The general line of this wall, which was built 
about 44 a.d. by Herod Agrippa, has been laid down by Colonel 
Warren in a manner which appears to me to be satisfactory. 
Starting from Hippicus this wall ran out northwards to a certain 
large octagonal tower called Psephinus, which stood on ground so high 
as to command a view of the mountains of Arabia. The remains of 
towers were discovered by Dr Robinson along this part of the 
course of the wall, but are now hidden or destroyed. From the high 
ground at the point now occupied by the Russian Cathedral, the 
mountains of Arabia east of Petra were distinctly visible when 
covered with snow in the winter of 1873-4. 
From the tower Psephinus the wall ran east and then south-east 
and passed over certain caverns called the “Caverns of the Kings.” 
3 o 
VOL. X. 
