492 
Proceedings of the Royal Society 
Most modern writers identified these caves with the great quarries 
which extend under Jerusalem immediately east of the Damascus 
Gate. These quarries were those whence the Temple masonry was 
hewn, and a curious rude carving of a figure resembling the Assyrian 
winged bulls has been found in them and is now in England. 
From this point the line of the third wall seems to have coincided 
with that of the present north wall of Jerusalem, standing on a 
rocky scarp with a rock-cut fosse outside. The modern eastern wall, 
as far south as the Sanctuary enclosure, also appears to be on the 
same line occupied by the east face of the third wall, which thus 
joined on to the comparatively roughly finished wall which, as above 
mentioned, runs northwards beyond the present north-east angle of 
the Sanctuary. 
The main interest of tracing these ramparts lies in the connection 
of their course with the question of the genuineness of the site now 
shown -as representing the Holy Sepulchre and the Hill of Calvary. 
It is admitted that if the remains of the second wall can be shown to 
have included these sites within the boundary of the then existing 
city, the description of the position of Calvary outside Jerusalem — as 
plainly set forth in the Hew Testament — would not be fulfilled. The 
question, however, of the course of the second wall is still unsettled. 
Without wishing to enter into this old and fierce controversy at 
the very end of my paper, I would point out three indications which 
arise out of the recent discoveries. 
First, The hill on which the present Church of the Holy Sepulchre 
stands is now identified, apparently beyond dispute, with that of 
Akra or the lower city, which was encompassed by the second wall. 
Secondly, The deep valley separating this hill from that on the 
south runs up almost to the Jaffa Gate. The second wall started 
from some unknown point on the north side of the first wall and 
ran in a curve to Antonia. It seems impossible to suppose that it 
can have crossed through the great valley, and if it was built on the 
high ground at the head of that valley, and ran thence in a curve 
to Antonia, it must apparently have included the Holy Sepulchre 
Church. 
Thirdly , The site of the church is beyond dispute within the 
compass of the third wall, which was built to protect suburbs which 
had extended beyond the second wall. It is true that the second 
