i 4 SIEGE OF THE SOUTH POLE 
had been crushed out of existence. How serious the 
heresy was may be gathered from the fact that in the 
year 741 Pope Zacharias excommunicated an Irish priest 
named Virgil because he taught the doctrine of Antip- 
odes “ admitting the existence of souls who shared 
Wkeel-Map of the Twelfth Century. 
(From Nordenskiold’s Facsimile Atlas.) 
neither the sin of Adam nor the redemption of Christ” 
The bold Irishman probably recognised the truth of 
Augustine’s argument and thought it unnecessary to suf- 
