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Proceedings of Boyal Society of Eclinlurgh. [sess. 
being controlled by a single individual wbicli followed in the rear, 
and which appeared to be of larger size, though we could not approach 
close enough to determinate its characters. When first seen, at a 
distance of about 200 yards, the school nearest the ship were leaping 
and diving noisily; on a croak from the leader this noisy sport instantly 
ceased, and the whole school swam quietly along for several minutes; 
in response to another and slightly altered croak, the leaping and 
diving recommenced ; and on a third croak, the whole school dis- 
appeared in a prolonged dive. 
On the evening of the same day we saw on a piece of ice, some 8 or 
10 miles to the south-east, about forty Black-Throated penguins 
grouped round a pair of large penguins of a different species, possibly 
identical with those that had directed the schools. One of these 
was preserved, and is an Emperor penguin in young plumage. 
On the same piece of ice was a Cliionis and a seal. It was found 
over and over again, from inspection of the seal’s stomach, that 
the penguins form the main portion of their diet, but, at the same 
time, the penguins while on the ice show no fear of the seals ; 
and it is, therefore, probable that they are captured while in the 
water or during the night. The seals mostly come upon the ice 
about nine o’clock in the morning, and leave it to feed about seven 
in the evening.* 
Three penguin rookeries were seen in Joinville Land. Two of 
these were not visited ; the other, a very large one, belonged to this 
species, and was situated on the north shore of the new inlet, named 
by Captain Eobertson the Firth of Tay, in lat. 63° 16' S., long. 
55° 53' I had not the good fortune to land upon this rookery. 
According to the boat’s crew who did so, the birds were in countless 
multitudes ; the nests were crowded together in blocks formed by 
pathways running nearly at right angles to one another, and the 
birds were uniformly of the same species. Two eggs from the, 
rookery measured 2 ’5 by 2 inches, and 2*6 by 2T inches. 
The cry is seldom heard, and mostly at night or when the birds 
are disturbed ; it is a short, rather harsh “ quaugk.” Among them- 
selves, when undisturbed, they make a gentle crooning sound. 
Their food consists mainly of a rather large red shrimp, or rather 
* Cf. Account in Kerguelen Expedition, Phil. Trans,, clxviii. 
