1893-94.] T>v Mumo on Rise and Progress of Anthropology. 217 
Austen, F.G.S., in 1840, and by a committee appointed by the 
Torquay Natural History Society in 1846. Papers embodying 
the results of these investigations were read at the Geological 
Society of London, and at the meeting of the British Association 
for 1847. But, according to Mr Pengelly, the reception accorded 
to these researches was not encouraging, and the inconvenient con- 
clusions arrived at were given to an apathetic, unbelieving 
world.” 
Another discovery of a similar character was the Windmill-Hill 
Cavern, at Brixham, explored in 1858, under the auspices of a com- 
mittee appointed by the Eoyal and Geological Societies of London. 
The first paper on the result of this investigation was read by Mr 
Pengelly in September 1858, at the meeting of the British Associa- 
tion then held at Leeds, in which it was announced that “ eight 
flint tools had already been found in various parts of the cavern, 
all of them inosculating with bones of mammalia at depths varying 
from 9 to 42 inches in the cave-earth, on which lay a sheet of 
stalagmite from 3 to 8 inches thick, and having loithin it and on it 
relics of the lion, hyena, bear, mammoth, rhinoceros, and rein- 
deer.” 
This paper, to use the phraseology of Mr Pengelly, produced a 
decided “awakening,” besides indirect results of the highest im- 
portance. 
Nor did analogous discoveries on the Continent fare much better. 
In 1829 Dr Schmerling commenced his memorable researches in 
the caverns of the province of Liege. The evidence of man’s 
antiquity revealed by his investigations consisted of flint imple- 
ments, and the actual remains of human skeletons, among which 
was the famous Engis skull, associated with the bones of hyena, 
lion, rhinoceros, mammoth, reindeer, and cave-bear. This indefa- 
tigable explorer published an account of his discoveries in two 
splendid volumes, with an atlas of 74 plates (1833-4), in which, 
in the most unequivocal language, he contended for the con- 
temporaneity of Man with these extinct animals : but, owing 
chiefly to the influence of the doctrine taught by the great 
naturalist Cuvier, his opinions and arguments did not receive the 
attention they merited. Eemains of Man found in caverns were 
thus summarily disposed of by Cuvier : — “ On a fait grand bruit, il 
