1893-94.] Dr Munro on Rise and Progress of Anthropology. 221 
1884 it became expedient to devote a special section for the exclu- 
sive consideration of its doctrines. 
As already remarked, it was the coalescence of the greatly ex- 
tended power of deciphering unwritten records with the almost 
coincident teaching of Darwin which first enabled the antiquary to 
look beyond the horizon of historic vision, and so to discover 
materials for a science of Anthropology. So long as it was main- 
tained that Man had been ushered on the arena of life specially 
equipped, morphologically and teleologically, for the struggle of 
existence, there was no room for such a science, as its range would 
be necessarily restricted to the operations and modifications of 
mankind during the last five or six thousand years — a field already 
sufficiently covered by the ordinary historical methods of research. 
From the new standpoint. Anthropology has a much wider scope, and 
embraces the origin, development, and civilisation of mankind. Its 
object is to trace the career of Man through space and time, amidst 
the vicissitudes of his ever-changing environments, during the ages 
which have elapsed since he first diverged from his quadrupedal 
congeners. During this long period there were many influences at 
work, all of which have to be carefully noted ; the causes which led 
to the physical and mental endowments which gradually trans- 
formed him from Animal hrutum to Homo sapiens ; the methods 
and processes by which he discovered and utilised the forces of 
nature, and constructed a system of civilisation on the principles of 
intelligence ; and finally, the means by which he learned to dis- 
tinguish between good and evil, in consequence of which he became 
a responsible being, and laid the foundations of a science of con- 
science and ethics. 
To analyse and systematise the evidences on which these momen- 
tous issues are based is the special province of Anthropology. What- 
ever opinion may be formed as to the adequacy of the argumenta- 
tive materials already collected in support of the conclusions arrived 
at, one thing is certain, that they cannot be ignored. They are 
culled from the widest possible range of mental and physical 
phenomena, and are rapidly accumulating. On the present occa- 
sion it will be sufiicient for my purpose to take a bird’s-eye view 
of them under the following heads : — (1) Ethnology, (2) Language, 
(3) Structural relationship of Man with other living Organisms, (4) 
