226 Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinlurgh. [sess. 
are more liable to the attacks of opponents ; but after all deductions 
are made on the plea of “ not proven,” there remains a residuum of 
irrefragable data which so far support the theory of evolution as 
applied to Man. While no part of the skeleton is without some 
measure of determinative value, the skull is of special importance, 
because it is of itself sufficient to supply the principal elements of 
the distinction between the human races. Between forty and fifty 
human skulls, more or less intact, and supposed to date back to 
Quaternary times, have been found in almost as many different 
localities throughout Europe, occasionally in alluvial deposits, but 
more frequently in the accumulated debris of caves and rock- 
shelters. Some years ago MM. Hamy and De Quaterfages care- 
fully examined all the fossil remains of the Quaternary population 
of Europe then known, and classified them under the names of the 
localities where the most typical specimens were found. Among 
dolichocephalic, or long-headed, they recognised two distinct races, 
one represented by a skull found at Canstadt, near Stuttgart, and 
the other by a skull from the rock-shelter of Cromagnon, in the 
Dordogne district. The brachycephalic, or broad-headed, are made 
to represent four races, under the generic designation of Eurfooz, 
the name of a cave in the valley of the Lesse, in Belgium. 
1. 
The race of Canstadt, Cephalic index, 
72 
2. 
The race of Cromagnon, Cephalic index. 
73*76 
rlst Furfooz, Cephalic index, 
79*31 
^ n 1 2d Furfooz, 
do. 
81*39 
3. 
The races of Furfooz, -{ 
do. 
83*53 
'-La Tanchk’e, 
do. 
84*32 
Under this fanciful nomenclature all the supposed Quaternary skulls 
collected to date were classified, each in accordance with the type 
to which its osteological characters most nearly conformed. Thus, 
under the so-called Canstadt race, we have a number of well-known 
skulls, such as that famous specimen from the Neanderthal cave, 
near Dusseldorf, that of “ the fossil man of Denise,” and others 
from widely separated localities, as Eguisheim in the Upper Ehine 
district, Brux in Bohemia, Olmo in the valley of the Arno, near 
Florence, &c. This type of skull is characterised by being 
extremely dolichocephalic, and having a low retreating forehead 
and very prominent superciliary ridges. On extending the area of 
