1894 - 95 .] Prof. Sir Wm. Turner on Pithecanthroims erectns. 427 
tliecanthropus erectus, eine menschenahnliche uebergangsform,” it is 
obvious that he considers he has established the existence of a link 
connecting together apes and man. He names this supposed link 
Pithecanthropus erectus ; and as he believes it to differ in characters 
from man on the one hand, and apes on the other, he proposes to 
found a new family in the Primates, intermediate between Simiidae 
and Hominidae, to which he gives the name Pithecanthropidae. 
He defines the characters of this family as follows : — 
Brain case, absolutely and in relation to the size of the body 
much more spacious than in Simiidae, but less spacious than in 
Hominidae : contents of the cranial cavity about two-thirds of the 
average contents of that of man ; the slope forward of the occipital 
bone below the protuberance and superior curved line much stronger 
than in the Simiidae. Teeth, although retrogressing, yet of the 
type of the Simiidae. Femur, in its dimensions, like the human, 
and constructed for progression in the erect attitude. 
He believes that the successive stages of evolution up to man are 
represented by the following forms : — Protohylohates, a primitive form 
of Hylobates; Anthropopithecus sivalensis, a form of Chimpanzee of 
the later Miocene or older Pliocene Period ; Pithecanthropus erectus, 
a late Pliocene or early Pleistocene mammal ; lastly. Homo sapiens. 
The specimens on which these conclusions are based are a 
calvaria or skull-cap ; an upper third molar tooth, which he says is 
the right ; a left femur. They were procured in the neighbour- 
hood of Trinil, in the district of Ngawi, in the Residency of Madiun, 
on the left bank of the river Bengawan in Java. In September 
1891 the molar tooth was got about 1 metre below the dry season 
mark of the river. A month later, and 1 metre distant from the 
spot where the tooth was lying, and on the same level, the calvaria 
was found. In August of the following year, also during the dry 
season, and 15 metres (nearly 49 feet) higher up the stream, and 
on the same level, the left femur was excavated. During the dry 
season of 1893 search was made for other remains, but without re- 
sult. The bones were embedded in the bank of the river from 1 2- 
15 metres below the plain in which the river had excavated its 
bed. The bank was formed of Pleistocene alluvial deposits, con- 
sisting largely of re-arranged andresite tuffs — the loose ejectamenta 
of volcanic eruptions. 
