1894-95.] Prof. Sir Wm. Turner on Pithecanthropus erectus. 431 
Dubois draws a sagittal line between the most projecting part of 
the glabella and the inferior curved line of the occiput, and traces 
the profile outline of the Java specimen. He states that the 
highest point of the cranial vault is 62 mm. higher than the 
sagittal horizontal line, a dimension which, to the long diameter of 
the skull, is as about 1 to 3. Although in its vault considerably 
lower than the European, it is, on the other hand, very appreciably 
higher than either in the chimpanzee or gibbons. 
In comparing the length of the skull in the Java specimen with 
that of the anthropoid apes, it must be kept in mind that, although 
in the Java fossil the glabellar projection is stronger than in 
human crania generally, yet that, neither absolutely nor relatively, 
is it so prominent as in the skulls of the chimpanzee and gorilla. 
In my memoir on human crania, in the Eeport of H.M.S. 
Challenger * I described a method of taking the internal capacity 
of the skull, which seemed to me to give more precise results than 
those of Broca and other craniologists. I have employed this 
method in the determination of the capacity of the crania of the 
anthropoid apes, specified in the Table, and in taking the measure- 
ments I have on this, as on so many other occasions, been 
indebted to my Museum Assistant, Mr James Simpson. The 
adult male gorillas ranged from 410 to 590 c.c., giving a mean of 
494 c.c. The Java skull possessed, therefore, according to Dubois’ 
estimate, twice the capacity of the mean of the five male gorillas, and 
more than twice that of the female gorilla. It was two and a half 
times as capacious as the mean of the two orangs, and approached 
to three times the capacity of the skull of the chimpanzee. 
In comparing the Java specimen with human crania, M. Dubois 
almost entirely limits himself to a comparison with the European 
skull. It is obvious, however, that to obtain a proper conception of 
its affinities, the comparison should not be restricted to highly 
developed European races, but rather it should be looked at side by 
side with a race now dwelling under savage conditions. There is no 
doubt that, as compared with a dominant European race, the cranial 
capacity of the Java specimen, if the accuracy of Dubois’ estimate be 
accepted, is much below that of such a people, for example, as the 
modern Scot. Thus the capacity of the skulls of 50 Scotsmen in 
* Zoology, Challenger Expedition, part xxix. p. 9, 1884. 
