of Edinburgh, Session 1874 - 75 . 527 
bile pigment, and blood. The estimation of the urea was attempted 
by two methods (the one to check the other): Firstly , by Liebig’s 
process with nitrate of mercury; and secondly , in an easier manner 
by the use of hypobromite of soda (as recommended by Dr Graham 
Steele, in the “Edinburgh Medical Journal’’ for August 1874). 
These two methods invariably gave results that corresponded very 
closely, and thus led to greater certainty. But, unfortunately, in 
the case of both of these processes, other urinary constituents 
come in to complicate the results of analysis. For not only does 
Urea precipitate the mercury solution, but uric acid, hippuric acid, 
creatin, creatinine, and even perhaps fibrin, cause precipitation. 
The same is true with respect to the process with the hypobromite 
of soda, as these bodies all unite with urea in giving off nitrogen. 
It is evident, then, that it is impossible by either of these methods 
to obtain an absolute knowledge of the quantity of urea, especially 
in the urine of herbivora, which contains so much hippuric acid. 
It was only possible to determine the quantity of nitrogen obtain- 
able from the urine by means of the second process, and to use 
the other merely as a check. The diet of the animals experi- 
mented on was always uniform, consisting of cabbage. 
And now, in describing these experiments, it will be best to speak 
first of those symptoms noticed during life, and second, of the post 
mortem appearances. The former will be given under the system 
to which each belongs, so that they may be arranged methodically. 
Symptoms during Life. 
Alimentary System. — No salivation was ever noticed. The 
appetite was much affected, sometimes almost lost if the dose was 
large (grains xl), but with smaller doses (grains x.) it was not 
much influenced. There was never any vomiting. The bowels were 
not affected if the dose was small, but generally there was pro- 
fuse diarrhoea. In all cases the faeces were well bile- stained. 
Circulatory System. — The cardiac pulsations were, in most cases, 
slightly but quite perceptibly decreased in rapidity, a short time 
after injection. The respirations were similarly affected. 
Lymphatic System. — In one case the blood was carefully ex- 
amined, the greatest precautions being taken to prevent contact 
with the air as far as possible. In this case frojn day to day the 
