of Edinburgh, Session 1874 - 75 . 561 
II . — Notice of Ancient Lakes and Drift Deposits. 
(1.) There are indications that lakes existed formerly in Lauder 
Valley, at Huntly, near Grant’s House, on the north side of Tweed 
valley ; and at Morebattle and Millfield Plain, on the south side of 
the valley, as well as at many other places. 
(2.) The drift deposits consist of clay, gravel, sand, and 
boulders. The clay generally occupies the lowest parts. Exten- 
sive beds of sand exist from the lowest parts up to 1000 feet above 
the sea and more. Gravel lies more frequently over sand than 
below it. These deposits form round hills, as also extensive elliptic 
shaped ridges. These ridges are generally parallel to one another 
and to the axis of the valley. To the west and north of Kelso their 
average direction is (by compass) E.N.E ; near the sea, about E. 
and W. There are also, at a level of about 800 feet above the sea, 
remarkable eskars or kaims, running continuously for more than a 
mile, and observing approximately a parallelism with hills not far 
distant. Boulders are of three classes — some from parent rocks 
situated in the valley, some from rocks in the neighbouring hills, 
some from rocks in the Highlands. 
The localities where striated rocks occur were pointed out. 
Ill . — Theoretical Explanations. 
The author, to account for the beds of stratified sand and 
gravel, and for their formation into parallel ridges, as well as for 
the transportation of boulders, assumes that sea, loaded with ice, 
prevailed over the district to a height of 1500 feet and more. He 
infers also that, after the sea began to sink towards its present 
level, a kyle or arm of open sea prevailed between the Cheviot 
hills on the south and the Lammermuir range of hills on the 
north, the shallowest part of which would be the present water- 
shed between the counties of Roxburgh and Dumfries — viz., at 
St Mary’s Loch and Mosspaul, which are about 800 feet above the 
present sea-level. During the period that the level of this sea con- 
tinued to sink towards the present level, pauses probably occurred 
in the process, which would allow of the formation of cliffs by the 
undermining or erosion of the land, and also the formation of flats 
or terraces by the deposit of sediment. 
