S33 
extended and disastrous experience of malaria are much 
more resistant than those who have had little or no 
experience of it. 
Man's evolution against tuberculosis is not less 
marked ihan his evolution against malaria. In malaria 
the poison is more virulent. Within twenty-four hours 
of entering an infected country a stranger may be 
stricken. Ships, navigated by men of a race which has 
undergone no evolution against the disease, may have 
the whole crew stricken on entering a malarious port, 
while the natives around maintain their health. In 
tuberculosis the poison is weaker. There is a long 
continued struggle against the attacks of its germ, 
which is shorter in the men of a race to which the dis- 
ease is strange, than in those of a race to which it is 
f-amiliar. Among the races which are least resistant to 
malaria is our own; on the other hand our race is the 
most resistant to tuberculosis. The sufferings from 
malaria of our compatriots in India and the west coast 
of Africa are well known. It is a fact, too, that of 9,000 
negroes imported by the Dutch Government into Cey- 
lon and used as soldiers, scarcely a trace of their de- 
scendants remains. The British Government subse- 
quently imported 3,000 or 4,000 negroes into Ceylon, 
and of these in ten years’ time there were left just 440, 
including the male descendants. Of the rest, they had 
all perished from tuberculosis, and in a country where 
the disease is not nearly so prevalent as in England. 
We speak of the fatal climate of the west coast of 
Africa, but we are usually unaware that our own 
climate is nearly, if not quite, as fatal to the native 
inhabitants of much the greater part of the world, and 
that therefore our race, which is able to persist under 
such adverse conditions, has undergone evolution 
in relation to tuberculosis fully equal to the evolution 
against malaria undergone by the West Africans. 
Dr W. Geo. Creswell, a well-known investigator of 
the diseases of birds, writes: “Immunity against any 
given disease may be regarded as individually acquired 
or as locally hereditary. Acquired immunity exists 
generally in connection with those diseases which by 
some as yet imperfectly understood action of their 
poisons on the tissues, through the medium of the 
bloom serum, actually guard the individual who has 
had one attack from having another for a greater or 
less period of time, this period varying somewhat in- 
definitely, according to the idiosyncrasies of the dis- 
ease and the individual alike. Thus, for a short time, 
one attack of pneumonia confers immunity against an- 
other. Smallpox and its modification (vaccined) 
confer immunity, if not actually for life still for a con- 
siderable number of years. Measles, scarlet fever, etc., 
are again examples of diseases which give immunity 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
against themselves to the individual who has had' the 
good fortune to survive the first attack. Advantage has 
been taken of the natural law involved in the above, 
and immunity against certain diseases is now, with 
more or less success, being sought for by means of 
inoculation with serum oMained from animals -that 
have been themselves inoculated with the attenuated 
virus of the diseases as they originally exist. But this 
acquired immunity, however produced, is only partial 
in its benefits; like all other characteristics acquired 
during life, and not inborn, it is not transmissible to 
posterity. But, while this acquired individual im- 
munity protects only isolated individuals, it is quite 
otherwise with social and therefore hereditary immunity. 
Again, we must look to the human races for examples, 
selecting those that, as far as the facts connected with 
them are concerned, are indubitably established and 
accepted. The negro of the West Coast is immune 
against yellow fever; compared with his white brother, 
the negro of any part of Africa is impervious to 
malaria; on the other hand, the white man, when ex- 
posed to these diseases, not only almost immediately 
contracts them, but generally finds them fatal to him. 
In like manner the European living in countries where 
the tubercle bacillus is abundant is so comparatively 
immune against its resultant disease, that only about 
one out of every ten deaths from all causes is due to it; 
and, moreover, most of the cases are very .chronic in 
their course, thus showing the amount of resistive 
power the inhabitant of these countries has attained to 
with respect to this particular disease. Before the ad- 
vent of Europeans in the islands of the Pacific, tubercu- 
losis was an unknown quantity,- and so it remained so 
long as the only visitors were the careless, though 
healthy, buccaneers and traders of the earlier days. 
But, no sooner did the more fragile and occasionally 
consumptive 'missionary set his foot upon them, the 
student of history will learn, that while the missionary 
often got robust and well from his open-air life, his 
unfortunate flock, infected by the comparatively small 
number of bacilli, disseminated from the single focus 
of infection afforded by their pa.stor, died of consump- 
tion wholesale. The same fate awaits nearly every 
negro, and indeed every ape, that visits this country 
to reside in it. Take again the inborn hereditary crav- 
ing for alcohol, without regarding that variety which is 
due to habit caused by the special environment of the 
individual, and is therefore properly regarded as an 
individually acquired characteristic to be dealt with as 
it is, by education and public opinion. Here we find 
whole countries, such as Spain and Portugal, compara- 
tively immune against the disease of inborn drunken- 
ness. A certain amount of immunity, though less in 
[Oct. iQoS- , 
/“■“ ^ ^ ^ 
degree, is found among those central African tribes ! 
who have been accustomed to brew and drink periodi- i 
daily palm beer, but other savages inhabiting America, | 
Australia and Polynesia, who have never manufactured ! 
alcohol, delight in it so intensely, that, given the op- ; 
portunity, they drink to their own extinction, and so are j 
snown to possess no immunity at all. The Kaffir, find-v 
ing on the veldt a dead and putrified ox, rejoices greatly, 
calls his friends and relations together, and gorges the : 
revolting stuff. The only result is they sleep the sleep ■ 
of repletion, and wake up happy and contented, and : 
ready for their usual occupations. On the other hand, j 
let a clean-feeding Englishman eat the veriest trifle of ; 
tainted meat or fruit, and his doctor quickly has on his i 
hands a case of septic enteritis. This racial immunity j 
is purchased at the expense of long contact with what- j 
ever disease against which the immunity is being slowly j 
obtained; in other words, it is an outcome and example 1 
of that universal law of natural selection and survival ■ 
of the fittest, which has been so fully and ably inter- i 
preted for us by the greatest of modern philoso- ; 
phers. ! 
Take the case of yellow fever, where complete im- .• 
munity has been obtained. Here through ages and ' 
ceons of ages, the negroes have been continuously ex- ' 
posed to the attacks of the special bacteria of this ; 
disease, those showing the least power of resistance ; 
being the first to be swept away and destroyed, and i 
thus being removed from the chance of propagating a i 
progeny with the like weakness of resistance. On the ; 
other hand, the survivors, in obedience to the natural j 
law, that like tends to produce like, would beget a [ 
progeny containing a certain proportion of individuals 
with an inherited greater or less power- of resistance. ' 
This progeny, being in its turn weeded out by the de- 
structive fever, and the same process of elimination 
of the most unfit being carried on during every sue- ; 
cessive generations, the result has very gradually, but ■ 
none the less surely, come about that there are no ! 
longer left any members of the community that are ; 
susceptible to the disease, and that the race as a body j 
is now hereditarily immune against it. And exactly 
the same result would happen in the case of white men 1 
did we but send out sufficient numbers in the first place : 
to make a fair start, and then give them time to work : 
out ! their own salvation. The same process will in ^ 
course of time render our race of dogs immune against 
distemper, and so acute of hearing as to be an impos- , 
sible prey for the motorist; though the fact that this 
happy consummation may be effected in the year of 
grace 4000 may be but poor consolation to one who 
mourns the present loss of his friend from one or the 
other of those lethal causes. — Our Dogs. 
Tainui^s \903 Cruise. 
BY JAMES W. COMMEFORD, JR. 
It was July 25, 2:15 P. M., that the little schooner 
Tainui of the National Yacht and Skiff Club, of Toronto, 
was cast loose from her moorings and headed east, her 
destination being the Thousand Islands. 
Tainui is of a build that is generally termed a 
“Mackinac,” but is in reality a schooner. She is 24ft. 
6in. over all, 23ft. 6in. waterline, 8ft. breadth; a chunky, 
full-bodied boat, sharp fore and aft, built of J^in. cedar 
planking. Tin. by i%in. bent oak ribs, 6in. centers, flat 
floors, and draws i8in. with board up and sft. with it 
down. The centerboard is of j^in. steel and weighs 
about 300 pounds; a movable iron shoe of 400 pounds, 
which extends from stem to stern with an opening to 
receive the centerboard, has 600 pouirds of iron and 
in addition there is lead inside ballast. 
Tainui carries 514 sq. ft. of canvas, 210 sq. ft. of main- 
sail, 198 sq. ft. in foresail and 106 in jib. 
The foremast is stepped well up in the bow. The 
mainmast is just aft of the cabin trunk. She has a 9ft. 
bowsprit. The foremast has a pair of J^in. shrouds, a 
forestay of the same, while the mainmast carries a 
double set of the same diameter. All are set up with 
deadeyes and landyards. 
Tainui’s cabin trunk is movable, which can be taken 
off in a few minutes. Two movable seats put in and 
she -is ready to seat about thirty people. With cabin 
trunk on there is 4ft. headroom and is divided up as 
folTo-ws: A. 9ft. cabin trunk, sft. forward deck, with 
3ft:. headroom closed off by two doors and used to 
store luggage. A 7ft. cockpit and 3ft. decked in at 
stern, and fitted with lockers. 
So much for the craft, now for the crew: The skip- 
per, ' J. W. Commeford, Jr., of the National Yacht 
and Skiff Club, of Toronto. He is the owner of Tainui. 
The mate, L. E. Marsh, also of the National Yacht 
and Skiff Club, has sailed with him for a number of 
years. The crew, George Hunt, of Galt, Ont., and Chas. 
Miller, of Toronto, were greenhorns, but soon got 
their; hand in. 
The lake: Lake Ontario’s length is 190 miles, breadth 
S2 miles, area 7,330 miles, maximum depth 500ft., height 
above sea level 240ft. 
Now tor the trip which was to last two weeks and 
■I b d in Toronto in time for the Canada cup 
races 1 ordequoit, of the Rochester Y. C., the chal- 
lenger. and Strathcona, of the Royal Canadian Y. C., 
Toronto, the defender. 
A herce northwester had raged for three days, and 
Lake Ontario never for a moment lost the dull, 
ominous, bottle-green glitter it invariably assumes when 
It IS goaded by a storm. Ov'^rhead the storm spume 
iiced 1 OSS the . sky. Innocent-lookmg* clouds they 
Were til the' way they -chased egch other down: the 
blue field warned the weatherwise. Toronto Bay was 
whipped into foam by the gale, and after each lull the 
squalls from the different slips marked out vivid streaks 
across the bay. Black stretches of angry water relieved 
by numberless whitecaps which the wind lifted right 
from the shore and carried in ever-increasing size out 
into the open water, A half mile out the seas were 
running 6ft. high. The skipper had been busy all morn- 
ing getting aboard the numberless little things needed 
on such a cruise. The wind was in his favor, and he 
wanted an early start. The mate and George came 
down at noon and at i o’clock all baggage and stores 
were aboard, but Charlie was still missing. The Skip- 
per mumbled something about lost' time, change of 
wind, etc. It was i :45 before the missing link showed 
UD. Canvas was raised, and we slipped our moorings 
at 2:15. The wind was aft and we started off wing and 
wing. With the booms well peaked up and the gaffs 
ahead of the mast, we headed down the bay to the 
eastern piers. 
On entering, the foresail was gybed to port, and Tainui 
felt the full force of the wind; down she went to the 
cabin, and all climbed to the weather rail. Outside we 
again gybed and headed E. on the port tack, 'with the 
wind over the quarter, and shot along at a merry gait 
with the crew on the weather rail. Kew Beach, Munro 
Park, Scarboro Heights were soon left behind. It be- 
came very chilly, and we soon had on our light coats. 
The wind began to peter out by sundown and Charlie 
prepared our' first hot meal. We had French- 
man’s Bay abeam, and Whitby ' Harbor Light on 
our port bow. At 8 P. M. the wind began to shift 
and came in hot puffs from the S.W. The foresail was 
lowered and a reef put in and raised away, and in less 
than fifteen minutes the mainsail also had a reef, and 
Tainui bowled along at a 5-knot clip. Oshawa Light 
w^s now picked up. The stick was handed over to the 
mate and the skipoer went below to have a snooze, as 
we intended to al:e advantage of the fresh breeze. 
It was all new to Charlie and George, and they de- 
cided to keep watch with the mate, but in less than an 
hour they were both rolled up in their coats asleep in 
the cockpit. At 11:30 the Skipper was called and, after 
shaking out the reefs in the foresail, the crew went be- 
low. At 12:30 Charlie was called to help shake the 
reefs from the mainsail. The wind had become light 
and a heavy roll made things uncomfortable, at least 
-Charlie thought so, his sleep was over. Darlington, 
Light was soon sighted and the Skipper headed for it, 
and at 2 A. M., called all hands' to lower canvas and 
make fast. We ran up the river a way to escape the 
roll from the lake. Day’s run 45 miles. - All turned in 
but not to sleep. Mosquitoes were there in swarms. 
All hands smoked.. Mosquito netting was put, over 
the hatch, but it was no use, and -at daylight canva.s 
was raised, and although there was not much wind, 
, Taipm \\v^s^jeaded,f6r -ime lake, ; . / , 
July 26, Sunday. — A swim, and then breakfast. We : 
felt like ourselves again, and with the wind light from 
the N.W., we again headed E.- At 9 A. M., the wind 
hauled a bit N. and abeam and began to blow. Hot 
puffs- hit us from off shore. The foresail was soon 
gathered in, and we made Port Hope at 10:15 A. M. 
All hands spruced up and went up town to church. At 
2 P. M., after tucking away a meal under our waist 
bands, we left the harbor and headed E., under reefed 
fore and full mainsail and jib, and when off Gull Rock : 
Lighthouse, which stands a half mile out from shore 
and three miles E. of Port Hope, a big skiff from 
Cobourg challenged us. The reefs were cast out of the 
foresail, the dinghy hauled on deck and we took a fall 
out of her. It was about even up after four miles of ' 
it, and she turned tail and headed back to Cobourg. We 
kept hard at it, keeping in near shore and saluting the . 
cottages as we swept by. At Colborne we found that a ' 
storm had wrecked the end of the wharf, which extends ; 
out into the open, and the light and fog bell had gone. ! 
We soon sighted Presque Isle, which looks at a distance ' 
like a large island, on accound of the low sandy beach . 
that connects it with the mainland. At 6:15 in a good 
lump of sea we rounded the lighthouse and tacked up 1 
the narrow buoyed channel. In the bay we met Wave ! 
Crest, a large schooner yacht of the Rochester Y. C. ; 
; Raising our board, we cut the channel range lights and * 
buoys and ' slid across to the mouth of the Murray j 
Canal. The wind lightened considerably, but as we then ; 
had it free we made fair progress. The Skipper hunted 
out a horn and kept it going until the bridgeman at ; 
the first swing bridge saw us and gave a clear passage. i 
At the second bridge is the toll office and we had to ' 
round up and sign the necessary papers. The tolls had i 
just been abolished by the Canadian Government, to J 
last for- two years on trial. Again the horn came into ' 
use, but the bridgemen were asleep, for we had to again 
round up in that narrow channel, landing this time 
upon a boom, splitting a plank in our dinghy. In a 
few minutes the red light of the bridge began to dis- , 
appear, and when the white light was clear, the Skipper ; 
again laid her off down the channel. We had no trouble i 
at the next two bridges, and at 9:30 P. M., were through 
the canal, which is 6 miles long, and tied up at 12 ! 
o’clock at Point, a pleasure resort at the entrance to ' 
the Bay of Quinte, and all turned in to a much needed i 
V rest. Day’s run 55 miles. . ; 
The Bay of Quinte is long, narrow and shallow. ; 
Sometimes you are sailing in a channel ^-mile wide, j 
then it opens up to 2 and. 3, miles, and is buoyed all the 
way. ' Sometimes yomareiSailing o'n-an ev'en keel, then, i 
-without a moment’s warning, a puff from between the j 
- gulleys puts you down to the rail. Always keep your i 
. weather-eye open in the Bay of Quinte. ; 
- July 27, Monday. — All hands up early and in for a i 
swim, and were . soon joined by the cottager.s. After ^ 
4 . riP'flbje - through, -the. park we , iujned in. to' prepare i 
