312 PHYLLOXERA VASTATJHX, OR 
here and there be seen with small appendages upon 
their corselet which are destined to become wings. 
These are the real nympha, which soon throw off their 
covering, and appear as perfect insects provided with 
wings, and having the eyes characteristic of their 
species. It is in all likelihood after it has taken this 
form that the Phylloxera is borne up and carried away 
by the wind to often very great distances, though it 
cannot be affirmed that even the wingless ones, in 
certain conditions, are incapable of being thus 
distributed. 
We have said the winged Phylloxera is very rare. 
The number of these which have hitherto been observed 
bear no proportion to the myriads of wingless insects 
that can be seen on every part of the affected roots. 
Can this be natural ? or is it a difference owing to the 
errors of observation made in ascertaining the fact 
which we now state? All the winged Phylloxeras 
which have been seen were females, who lay eggs and 
thus give birth to the wingless lice. 
There is a fact of very great importance connected 
with the existence of the insect in the winged state. 
In the valley of the Ehine, and still more so in the 
vicinity of Bordeaux, some vines — it is true only few 
in number— were noticed during the summer, the 
leaves of which were covered with galls of a peculiar 
form, the warty protuberance being on the under and 
the opening upon the upper side of the leaf. This 
fixed character establishes a radical difference between 
the galls in question and all the other kinds of galls or 
excrescences which are found upon the leaves of the 
vine. These galls are nests filled with wingless lice, 
resembling very closely those which are found upon the 
