30 
/ 
great size, frequently not less than nine feet in length, the re- 
mains of which are found in Europe in caves with human bones. 
It was evidently contemporaneous with early man, but has been 
extinct since historical times. 
Remains of Homo sapiens, or man, found in a cave on the 
island of Crete— probably very ancient Casts of the Neander- 
thal and Engis skulls, the former of which has given rise to much 
discussion because of its flattened form. This has been held by 
some to prove that early man was a being intermediate between 
man and the ape. The skull has, however, about the average 
human brain capacity. 
The advent of man marks the end of geological life history 
and the study of subsequent life belongs to the sciences of botany, 
zoology and ethnology. 
Pedestal 1. South Wall.— Casts of skulls of Toxodon, Tin- 
oceras, Sivatherium and Nototherium. Limb bones of Sivather- 
ium and Palaeopteryx, 
The Toxodon was a quadruped of huge size, which combined 
characters of rodents, elephants and whales. Its teeth show it to 
have been an herbivorous animal and its habits were probably 
like those of the Manatee or sea cow. 
The Nototherium was an Australian mammal, of the wombat 
type, though as large as the rhinoceros. It probably had some of 
the characters of the elephant, and was closely allied to the Dipro- 
todon. ^ The humerus indicates that it was a burrowing animal, 
but it is hard to understand how an animal of so great size could 
have been of such habit. 
The Tinoceras was allied to the Dinoceras, Hall 36. The 
Sivatherium was a four-horned antelope or giraffe of elephantine 
size. 
The Palaeopteryx was a huge, ancient bird. 
Floor of Hall 35, Pedestal 1.— Restoration of Glyptodon 
clavipes. This was a giant Edentate, allied to the Armadillo. It 
existed during Quaternary times in South America. The speci- 
men is 10 feet in length, its carapace having a length of 5 feet. 
Pedestal 2. Restoration of Megatherium Cuvieri. This 
was another South American Edentate of the Quaternary epoch, • 
which had one hundred times the bulk of any living species of 
this order. The genus had a wide range during this period, as 
shown by its bones being found as far north as South Carolina. It 
