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shown is over 2000 years old, and was made directly from the ore 
without passing through the stage of pig iron. 
Case 6 C. — Fibrous fracture of wrought iron. 
Case 6 D. — “Crystalline ” fracture of wrought iron. Malle- 
able cast iron. This is a cast iron the surface of which has been 
decarbonized and thus transformed into wrought iron by the 
action of oxide of iron at a high temperature. 
No. 7. — A bar of open hearth steel in which a knot has been 
tied cold, as a test of the quality of the material. 
Case 8. — Sections of steel bars, rails and structural beams, 
from Spain, donated by Sociedad de Altos Hornos y Fabricas de 
Hierro y Acerro de Bilbao. (The Bilbao Iron and Steel Manu- 
facturing and Blast Furnace Co.) 
Upon the wall near by are sections of similar bars, rails, etc., 
from Sweden, and test pieces showing the conduct of the Swedish 
open-hearth steel under tension. 
Case 8 A. — Explosives. Fac-similes (non-explosive)of gun- 
powders of various kinds; the materials of which they are made; 
dynamite of various strengths. 
Case 9 A. — Examples of steel made by each of the stand- 
ard processes. Crucible-steel fractures showing the relation of 
composition, hardness and appearance of fracture. Special steels. 
Case 9 B and C. —English saw plates, gear wheels, 
wrenches, cutters, and bars of tool-steel, from Jessop and Sons. 
These are examples of “ Sheffield steel.” 
In the lower part of the case are large pigs of iron from Nor- 
way and Sweden, also crushed wheels and twisted bars of iron 
and steel. 
Case 10 A. — Bars of mild, open-hearth steel tied cold into 
knots as a test of quality. 
Case IO B. — Welds of brass and bronze to steel. The ends 
to be welded are heated in a gas furnace until nearly molten and 
then are pressed together. 
No. 11 . — Wires for various purposes. On the wall are spec- 
imens showing the process of drawing wire. 
Case 12. — A collection of all grades of scrap-iron, steel and 
metal; It contains samples of different grades of iron and 
metal as it is sorted on leaving the scrap-iron dealer’s yard. 
No. 13. — Rims for locomotive wheels; a solid steel shaft 
