71 
IRON ORES— EUROPE. 
Iron Ores, Europe. — The most instructive specimens in 
this case are a complete collection of the ores and surround- 
ing rocks from two iron ore deposits of Eastern Russia. Bet- 
ter known ores represented here, are those from England and 
Sweden. Conspicuous among the English ores here illustrated, 
are the ochres, which are mixtures of limonite or hematite w’th 
clay; the soft, bright red hematites which occur in limestone, 
and the compact spathic ore of the coal measures. German 
ores show more fibrous hematites and limonites and the well 
crystallized ‘‘sparry'^ siderite. 
Following the foreign ores are three cases of iron ore, from 
the Lake Superior region. 
The ores in these three cases are from the most important 
iron ore mines of the world. It is to the proximity of these 
remarkably rich and pure ores that Chicago owes its present im- 
portance in the iron and steel industry. The ores are arranged 
in the cases under the several ‘Tanges” as the iron mining dis- 
tricts around Lake Superior are termed. While similar in many 
respects, differences between the ores of the several ranges may 
be noted even in the small specimens here shown. 
Specimens of a local magnetic iron sand are worthy of 
attention as coming from the immediate vicinity of Chicago. 
The case following the ores of the Great Lakes region con- 
tains Iron Ores, Eastern States. 
Iron ores of the Eastern States are here represented largely 
by limonites and hematites from Virginia and the important 
Southern districts near Birmingham and Sheffield, Alabama. 
Magnetic ores from New York, New Jersey, and North Caro- 
lina represent another important class of Eastern Ores. 
The last wall case contains : Types of Iron Ores. These 
are: the black oxide, magnetite, 72 per cent, iron; the red oxide, 
hematite, 70 per cent, iron; the hydrous oxides, turgite, 66 per 
cent, iron; gothite, 64 per cent, iron; limonite, 60 per cent, iron; 
and the carbonate, siderite, 48 per cent. iron. These are the 
mineralogically. different ores of iron. Each of these occurs in 
many forms, giving rise to very numerous sub-classes of iron 
ores. The more important types which occupy the rest of this 
case are: 
