of Edinburgh, Session 1862-63. 97 
that the whole sea-bed of the Firth must have been considerably 
raised. 
Keference was made to the discovery of the glacial beds of the 
Clyde by Mr Smith of Jordanhill. They had been looked for on the 
Forth, but without success. Dr Fleming struck the first trace of 
them at T3ufie, but it was faint, there being only two or three 
specimens of the shells, and these he was led to think not indigen- 
ous. In the Elie clay the same two species occur rather abundantly, 
along with others, all evidently in the clay-bed where they had 
lived. The group is so characteristic that there need be no ques- 
tion now as to the occurrence of the true old glacial beds with 
Arctic shells in the basin of the Forth. 
Various reasons were stated for holding that this bed is very 
closely connected with the boulder clay, being not improbably a sea- 
formation contemporaneous with some portion of that deposit. 
It was shown, that the facts brought to light in this section give 
us some glimpse into the circumstances under which the period of 
Arctic cold passed away. 
The submerged forests of the Fifeshire coast were referred to in 
connection with the information which this section seems to furnish 
as to the somewhat obscure question of their true stratigraphical 
position. 
4. On the Remarkable Occurrence of Graphite in Siberia. 
By Thomas G. Archer, Esq. 
The author in this paper gives the localities of three large mines 
of this mineral. The first situated in the Semipalatinsk district. 
Western Siberia, between 47° and 50° N. Lat., and in 80° E. 
Long, from G-reenwich, on the Kirghesian Steppe. The locality 
of the mine is remarkably barren, and upon digging down a few 
feet, the graphite is found lying in a continuous stratum which has 
been ascertained to extend over a space of 2100 acres. This im- 
mense deposit belongs to Messrs Samsonof and Mamontof of Ser- 
nopol, and is worked for commercial purposes. 
The second deposit is of a similar character as to its stratification ; 
but instead of being covered with a bed of peaty soil, as in the case 
of the former, it has overlying it, a stratum of spathose iron ore of 
