334 
by the ponies, cows, and sheep, during half June, all July, August, 
and half September ; these being, in fact, the only months when 
localities so elevated are free from snow. On the higher peaks, 
rising to 15,000 and 18,000 feet, snow is perpetual; and there are 
large glaciers between their spurs. 
Even when among the smaller hills, the surveyor’s labours were 
by no means light ; and according to the extensive experience of 
Colonel Waugh, the Director of the Indian operations, it is not 
often that sufficient mathematical and artistic skill are found in any 
one individual, conjoined to the necessary bodily vigour; i. e., to be able 
to clamber out of hot Himalayan valleys up the steep slopes leading 
to exposed and windy eminences, and there stand uninjured, while 
making all the necessary observations, with the full amount of atten- 
tion to accuracy and fulness of detail that is proper ; and even when 
these desirable qualities are found, they do not last, he says, in the 
generality of individuals more than a few seasons. 
The inconveniences, however, of the lower country, and the “ fill- 
ing in” survey, were greatly surpassed by what was experienced 
during the scientific part of the triangulation, which was necessarily 
for the most part carried on amongst the peaks of the snowy range ; 
out of sixteen principal stations in Thibet, fourteen being above 
15,000 feet high, and two of them, Shinishah and Shunika, being 
respectively 18,417 and 18,224 feet. Nevertheless, no pains were 
spared in procuring good work, as the following extracts may best 
show in Captain Montgomerie’s own words 
“ 12. The triangulation depends on the Kashmir series which 
emanates from a side of the N.W. longitudinal series in the low 
hills near Sealkote. 
13. “ In order to connect the triangulation in the Punjab with 
Kashmir, it was necessary to carry the triangles across the Chatadhar 
and Pir Paujal snowy ridges. This was done by taking observations 
from the tops of the snowy peaks best adapted to form a series 
of symmetrical polygons and quadrilaterals. In this way the trian- 
gulation has been carried on systematically from the foundation. 
It consists of one main axis, viz., the principal triangulation, which 
is composed of polygons and quadrilaterals. From this axis 
diverge numerous minor series of triangles, which, starting from one 
side of the principal series, are tested by closing on another side of 
the same, or upon a side of the N.W. Himalayan series. 
