593 
“ 3. That males emigrate in larger numbers than females. 
e< 4. That the amount of female life in this country exceeds the 
amount of male life.” 
Scotland. 
“ I will now confine my remarks to Scotland, as it is to the state of 
that country I wish more particularly to direct your attention, and 
the contrast afforded by the following figures will serve as a very 
proper introduction to my remarks : — 
In Eng- 
land and 
Wale?. 
In Scot- 
land. 
Total Females to 100 males, . Census 1851, 
„ Spinsters to 100 bachelors, do. 
„ Wives to 100 husbands, do. 
,, Widows to 100 widowers, do. 
,, Births to 100 persons living, Years stated, 
„ Marriages to 100 inhabitants, do. 
,, Deaths to 100 persons living, do. 
„ Children born out of wedlock ) , 
to 100 births, . j °’ 
108Y1 
10113 
101-31 
198-18 
3-399 
•824 
2-175 
•650 
12100 
123-63 
102 26 
271T3 
3-417 
•676 
1-977 
•900 
i 
“ We are altogether in an abnormal state. Our young men have 
left us ; our maidens are unmarried ; our widows are in excess ; 
our wives are deserted ; our marriages are deficient ; illegitimacy is 
rampant ; and from all this flow many crimes. 
“ After carefully considering these sad figures, and having given 
much attention to the Report of the Registrar-General of Scotland, 
my strong conviction is, that the excess of female life is mainly at 
the root of that great evil — illegitimacy. I have no doubt that local 
customs and habits increase it, and that race has something more or 
less to do with its extent in particular counties ; but the root of all 
is our abnormal position, already explained. It is not very easy to 
separate the races which have peopled Scotland ; but to those who 
know the appearance of the inhabitants, their customs and manners, 
in different parts of Scotland, it will, I think, appear a task which 
at least, probably, may be performed. But without attempting any 
minute classification, and merely keeping in view what is already 
known as to the settlement of the different races of inhabitants, I 
would simply refer to the Registrar-General’s division, according to 
