603 
pause in his career, for such constitutional effects are greatly the 
causes of the great mortality in early life. This mortality in Great 
Britain, and in all countries where it obtains, is a national sin, and 
to it the attention of philanthropists, and all men anxious to benefit 
their race, should be directed. 
“ I have not touched on sanitary defects, as they apply to both 
male and female, but to that point also attention is urgently re- 
quired. 
The drain upon the country by foreign wars is not to be for- 
gotten among other causes which consume our male population. 
War, I am afraid, we must acknowledge as a necessity, but if that 
were the only drain upon our resources, we could, by the natural 
law of birth, meet it; and may it not be said that the greater num- 
ber of male children born than female is to meet the decrement 
arising from accident and war. 
“ But to revert to the original statements with which I 
started : — 
“ In Scotland, at last census, there were 
1,614,269 females 
and 1,448,982 males 
167,287 excess of females. 
An army of male lives has thus disappeared, without taking into 
account the difference of 5 per cent, with which the males originally 
started. 
“ In England and Wales, at last census, there were 
10,302,873 females 
and 9,758,852 males 
551,021 excess of females. 
Upwards of half a million males lost, without taking into account 
the original 5 per cent in favour of male life. 
“ These two differences show what we have thrown away by pre- 
mature death among males, and what we have lost by emigration, 
allowing 5 per cent, to stand for casualties to which men are ex- 
posed by war and otherwise. A lamentable conclusion, and parti- 
cularly so as regards Scotland. 
VOL. iv. 4 M 
