distance of 17 kilometres, flye other railroads of 034 kilometi’es have been 
oonstriieted uji to 1807. The most considerable of tliem, the Hon Ihtdro 
II. , is Avithout any doubt the largest enterprise of this kind in South 
America. Leading from Eio de Janeiro over the SeiTa do Mar, it has 
already an extent of more than 200 kilometres, and Avill certainly on 
some future day be the chief mode of communication for the provinces ol 
Minas, Goyaz, and Mato Grosso. 
Is ext to. it in importance ranks the Sao Paulo Eaihvay, leading from 
the ]Jort of Santos to the interior of the province, the jjassage of the Serra 
being effected by moans of stationarj^ engines and a steel rope. In the 
present day, when any declivity may be freely encountered after Fell’s 
system, it certainly Avould have been constructed otherwise. Then follorv 
tlie Bahia and Pernambuco railroads, rvith an extent of about 124 kilo- 
metres each up to the present date, both desigired for the ji'H'posc of 
connecting the upper Sao Francisco Valley with the coast. They prosper 
even less than the otliers, leading for the most part through rvastc, 
uncultiA'at(;d tracts. A little bettor off is the Cantagallo Eailroad, of 
about 51) kilometres, leading from the Villa Nova, in the province of Eio, 
to Cachoeira at the foot of the Serra. It is to be conducted up to Novo 
Frilmrgo, an ohl Srviss colony. Besides those, preparatory surveys harar 
recently been made for new lines in the provinces of Eio Grande do Sid, 
Pallia, Eio Grande do Norte, &c., by Avhich ncAV districts, now almost 
wortldess, Avill be oi.iencd to industry and trade. 
The above-mentioned Little kiaiui Eailroad is connected ivith a carriage- 
road leading up the steep Serra to I’etropolis, a little tinvii in Avhiili 
Haxen-bair-ed chiliben playing in the streets, and tlieir native aiiccnt, 
tlunigh mixed u]> Avith a sad Portuguese, remind the Gm-inan strongly of 
Home, SAveet Home,” on the other side of the ocean. lInfortuuat(>ly 
this colony, founded in 1845, is very ill-adapted for agriculture, the 
ground being rmigb and rocky, Avith steep slopes on Avhieh it is impos- 
sible to AA'ork Avith the plough. The inhabitants deiiend chiefly on the 
foreigners, Avho, folloAving the example of the Imperial family, there 
sjieml the summer months, to escape the heat and sometimes the yellow 
fever of the capital. 
From Petropolis the normal carriage-road of the Company Ilniao c 
Industria, constniete-d by my father from 1855 — 1852, leads to Juiz de 
Fora, in the proviiu'c of klinas, a distance of 147 kilometres. It Avas 
designed to be extended to Ouro Preto, the capital of the province, and 
