6 
THE AMAZON AND MADEIRA RIVERS. 
](J,094,07<S, including 1,083,804 slaves and 250,000 foreigners. It is 
true that neither this nor the first statement can be implicitly relied 
upon, the number of slaves and of Indians, perhaps, cxcejMed, Avhich may 
come nearer the tnith. 
The white race (in the strict sense of the word), although the ruling 
one, forms only a minor part of the population. Especially in the 
interior, onl}^ a limited number of femilies can boast of pure descent 
from the first immigrants, the Portuguese — vdio even now' come over 
every year by thousands, and have got hold of almost all the retail trade 
in the land. At the first glance the Brazilian is distinguished from his 
ancestor. lie usually is darker, small and elegantly shaped, wdiile the 
Portuguese has a much robuster frame, and is heavier and slower in 
every way. By-the-bye, there is no love lost between the two ; and 
many a charactoristic nickname tells of the mutual hatred and contempt 
of the former oppressor and the oppressed. The inhabitants of the 
Southern provinces, Minas, Sao Paulo, and Bio Grande, are (on the 
wdiole) much taller and stronger, approaching more the European typo, 
and show' more energy and activity than those of the hTorth, wdiex'C the 
Indian clement manifests itself more clearly. 
In respect to colour, the prejudice here is by no jneans so strong as 
in Isorth America. In Brazil nobody would think of tuniing a man out 
from a public place, an omnibus, or the like, only because he wnis a 
mulatto (Indian mestizoes are regarded with still more indulgence) : and 
there are coloured men holding high offices in the Army and in the 
Administration. However, every one u'ishes to pass off fi)r w'hite ; and 
it is the greatest possible olfence to doubt the pure lineage of a Brazilian 
of good family. 
The many shades of colour, some of them distinguishable only by an 
experienced eye, have as many different names. Some of these are only 
local expressions, and many imply contempt; so, if you wish to be 
polite, say jHinlo (coloured man) instead of mulatto or cabm, the latter 
meaning the offspring of negroes and mulattoes. The descendant of 
negroes and Indians is called cariboca, cafiiso, or tupanhuna; and the 
offspring of wliites and Indians mumeluco, very likely intended originally 
as a nickname. The word crioulo (creole), used gencralljf in Europe for 
those bom of European parents in Transatlantic colonies, is applied in 
Brazil only to negroes born there, b(' they slaves or not, to di.stinguish them 
from the Nepros da Costa, the blacks brought over from the coast of Africa. 
