328 Proceedings of the Royal Society 
become recognised as a proper object for State maintenance. Thus 
the universities, so far as their own resources fall short, are fully- 
supplied by the Government. The University of Berlin, in the year 
1864, had an income of about L.30,000. Of this, L.24 only was 
the interest of funded property of the University; L.1133 was the 
amount of entrance and examination fees ; L. 28, 842 was the grant 
from Government. 
If we compare with this the University of Edinburgh, we find 
the income for the current year to be L.20,351, of which L.4153 
are fees of various kinds, L.9869 funds from private endowments 
and other sources in the hands of the Senatus, L.6329 parliamen- 
tary grants. This shows how comparatively small is the proportion 
of State assistance to our University. 
The higher schools of Prussia consist of two distinct branches. — 
the Gymnasien, or grammar schools, with their Pro-Gymnasien , or 
preparatory grammar schools, and the Real-scliulen , or scientific 
schools, with the “ higher burgher schools ” in preparation for 
them. The Gymnasien are, of course, the product of the Middle 
Ages, the Renaissance, and the Reformation. The Real-schulen 
sprang from the modern protest on behalf of science against the 
predominant claims of classics. The Gymnasium is a first-rate 
classical day school, with a time-table of 30 hours per week. It 
has six classes, Prima being the highest. The 30 hours in Prima 
are thus allotted : — Religion, 2 ; German, 3 ; Latin, 8 ; Greek, 6 ; 
French, 2; History and Geography, 3; Mathematics, 4; Physics, 
2. Besides these school hours there is extra-time instruction in 
singing and gymnastics ; and those who propose subsequently to 
study theology or philology in the University are required to learn 
Hebrew, also in extra hours. 
The time-table, though thus definitely prescribed, is not rigidly 
adhered to ; for promising pupils in the first class are allowed a 
good deal of liberty for private study in lieu of the stated lessons. 
Many enter the Gymnasium irrespective of an intention to proceed 
to the University, for the sake of the privileges which it holds out. 
For, those who have gone through the classes and passed the leaving 
examination, besides qualifying for the public service, are allowed 
to serve for one year as volunteers in the army, instead of three 
years according to the ordinary course. 
