446 
Proceedings of the Royal Society 
Dans Scotus, who died in 1308, calls Syllogistic, i.e., the Prior 
and Posterior Analytics and the Topics, the :c Nova Logica,” 
and the Categories, with the De Interpretatione, the “ Yetus 
Logica.” 
In the 14th century we have commentaries Super Yeterem Artem, 
e.g., by Antonius Andreas, by Walter Burleigh, and by Gfratiadei 
of Ascoli (Esculanus, as he is commonly called), and these are in- 
variably expositions of the Predicables of Porphyry, the Categories, 
and the De Interpretatione of Aristotle. 
Esculanus (d. 1341) says plainly, “ Ars autem nova, quae tota 
versatur circa ratiocinationem, oportet quod distinguatur secundum 
diversam considerationem eius ; potest autem ratiocinatio dupli- 
citer considerari, uno quidem modo simpliciter sine applicatione ad 
raateriam aliquam, et alio modo considerari potest cum applicatione 
ad materiam specialem. De ratiocinatio quidem sumpta in sua 
comitate, agitur in libro priorum, sed ratiocinatio sumpta cum 
applicatione ad materiam specialem distinguitur ; quia aut appli- 
catur ad materiam demonstrativam ; ac sic agitur de ipsa, in 
libro posteriorum ; aut etiam applicatur ad materiam dialecticam. 
In materia autem dialecticam potest fieri ratiocinatio recta et 
ratiocinatio sophistica. De ratiocinatione recta agitur in libro 
topicorum ; et de ratiocinatione sophistica in libro elencho- 
rum.” * 
There is, however, another source of evidence which Prautl has 
not in this reference carefully investigated — the regulations and 
decrees of the universities. When any term whatever is found in a 
university decree, we may take it for granted that its signification 
there was the standard one for the time being, and when we find 
the same terms occurring in the regulations of almost all the 
principal universities with the same meaning, we are warranted in 
adopting that meaning as the real signification of the term. 
These terms, u Yetus ” and “ NovaLogica,” are frequently found 
in the regulations of the mediaeval universities, and they invari- 
ably mean the logic taught in the first two, and the logic taught In 
the last four, of the treatises of the Organon. 
* Commentaria Graciadei Esculani ordinis predieatomm. In totam Artem 
veterem Aristotelis, f. 1. 
