of Edinburgh , Session 1870 - 71 . 
473 
It is very important to notice this last flexure as distinctly 
marking the difference between the warm and cold-blooded animals, 
and to account for the necessity of the temporal squamo-zygomatic 
limb-bearing girdle connecting the anterior and posterior cranium. 
From this zygoma, or limb-bearing zone or girdle, the maxilla 
depends as the anterior thoracic limbs, as seen in the annulozoa 
and arthrozoa. The condyle being articulated in the glenoid 
cavity, it is the upper or homotype of the brachium and femur, 
and the homologue of the quadratum of the bird, hypotympanic, 
and of osseous fishes (28, Owen). 
He then directed the attention to the reduced scale of the fish 
cranium. The general form, from the great depression of the 
ethmo-frontal segment, prevents the formation of apros-encephalon, 
and even the meso-encephalon is crushed back into the III. or 
wormi-epiotic parietal segment ; the only encephalic cavity in the 
fish cranium, where not only the orbit and the convolutions and 
olfactory cells, but also the whole otic sensory apparatus with the 
cerebellum. This segment is closed in by the development of the 
wormi-epiotic spine, which has hitherto been described by all 
anatomists, from Cuvier and others on the Continent, and by Pro- 
fessors Owen, Huxley, Parker, and all their followers, as the 
occipital bone in the fish. A careful re-examination of the sub- 
ject will correct this general and inconsiderate error. In the 
osseous fishes the occipital bone still exists in the bi-vertebral con- 
dition. It, however, contains the medulla oblongata, and their 
long spines extend upward, as they do in the human cranium, to 
nearly the wormi-epiotic spine. 
Referring to the archetype of Owen, the basi-sphenoid (5.) was 
shown to be the last vertebral centrum, from whence the basi- cranium 
extended, without central joints, to the anterior glabella frontis. 
(13, incorrectly named vomer) is in fact the premandible or incisor 
bone. (13.) The vomer is a vertical, or mediastinal double osseous 
septum, set on the rostrum sphenoides (olivaris) in connection with 
the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and septum nasi separating 
the olfactory cells. 
From (4) the wormi-epiotic tuber or spine the upper part of the 
ischium is attached by a chain of transparent bent scale-bones con- 
taining a muscle, seems the principal part of the pelvis; it has a large 
