7 
1915-16.] Opening Address by the President. 
fauna. The Pleistocene mammals disappeared with Palaeolithic man, and, 
in their place, we find dogs, horses, pigs, several breeds of oxen, the Irish 
elk, the red deer, and other forms. The implements of the new stone men 
are found all over the British Islands, showing that their distribution was 
very different from that of their predecessors. 
The second edition of The Great Ice Age , which appeared in 1877, the 
volume on Prehistoric Europe (1881), the third edition of Tice Great Ice 
Age (1894), and the Munro Lectures on The Antiquity of Man in Europe 
(1914) mark successive stages in the evolution of James Geikie’s views. 
His great aim was to keep himself abreast of the increasing volume of 
research in glacial geology, the results of which were communicated to 
him by investigators all over the globe. From time to time he modified 
his opinions regarding the interpretation of particular details in the history 
of the period. But the fundamental points in his teaching, viz. that the 
Ice Age was characterised by a succession of cold and genial periods, and 
that man then lived in Europe, were never abandoned by him. 
His classification of the glacial succession in its final form was pre- 
sented in the Munro Lectures ( The Antiquity of Man in Europe, 1914). 
It is given in the subjoined table : — * 
Upper Turbarian 
Upper Forestian 
Lower Turbarian 
Lower Forestian 
Mecklenburgian 
Durntenian 
Polonian 
Tyrolian 
Saxonian 
Norfolhian 
Scanian 
6th Glacial Epoch. 
5th Interglacial Epoch. 
5th Glacial Epoch. 
Jfth Interglacial Epoch. 
4th Glacial Epoch. 
3rd Interglacial Epoch. 
3rd Glacial Epoch. 
2nd Interglacial Epoch. 
2nd Glacial Epoch. 
1st Interglacial Epoch. 
1st Glacial Epoch. 
A brief outline will now be given of the evidence which led James 
Geikie to establish this classification. 
He maintained that the Scanian or First Glacial Epoch (the Giinzian 
stage of the Alps) is represented in Britain by the Chillesford Clay and 
* In the Munro Lectures (1914) James Geikie made some changes in the nomenclature 
of his glacial and interglacial periods. The Second Interglacial Period, previously termed 
by him the Helvetian, was renamed the Tyrolian ; and the Third Interglacial Phase, 
formerly designated the Neudeckian, became the Diirntenian. He also suggested the 
substitution of the term Polonian for Polandian for the Third Glacial Epoch. 
