July i, 1897 .] 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 
33 
Lecanium Tessellafum, Signoret, another speoies 
found here and there, but not numerous as yet, it is 
more often attacked by internal parasites. 
Ualvinaria, mameae, Maskell, and an unnamed 
speoies in Kona, are perhaps the only well established 
species aside from P.psidii mentioned above. It had 
first been found upon Mamea Americana, Linni. 
daring Jan., ’94, but since then it was found 
on many trees in Honolulu, especially mango and 
fig. No pai’asite has been observed on the same, 
yet without doubt the Chryptolaemus larvae and those 
of the numerous species of Hyperaspis introduced 
from California and Japan will destroy its eggs. A 
fourth species of Pulvinaria was found at Honolulu upon 
newly introduced Potoearpus from Japan, where the 
insect is rather rare upon many trees, especially the 
camellia and magnolia. 
Planchonia sp., so far but one specimen was found 
in Honolulu upon Jacaranda mimosifolia, Prosopis 
dulcis. Oleander, fig trees, etc., and it is preyed upon 
by an internal Chacid parasite to such an extent that 
in some instances the scale has disappeared entirely 
from some trees. Found at Hongkong. China, upon 
fig tree and badly parasiteized. Eri/ococus araucarieae, 
Maskell, is found on all th • Islands upon the various 
species of Araucaria ; it comes from Australasia. 
Of Dactylopius we have a great many species in 
the Islands but yet they are with a few exceptions, 
not worked up. It is one of the most easy species 
to introduce, since many of them when full grown 
will often leave the plant and secrete themselves 
most anywhere to deposit their eggs, often on the 
roots, in any crevice or behind leaves on stem, etc., 
the moat minute examination of plants could not 
reveal them. 
Icerya purshasi, Maskell, is so far the only species 
present in the Islands. I. Aegyptiaca, Douglas, and I. 
Sulphure:!, Maskell, are found on many plants around 
Hong Kong and may be brought in at any time. The 
two lady birds preying on those species in China viz : 
Kodolia fumida, Muls. and B. pumila, Weise. were 
introduced and no doubt are breeding upon I. pur- 
drasi which once so numerous, can now only be 
found after careful search. 
The above comprise the principal coccids found in 
the Islands, very many of them are preyed upon by 
internal parasites but were brought in with their 
host. Some of these are doing very beneficial work, 
often destroying a large percentage of the scales. 
Only in few instances were scale insects with inter- 
nal parasites introduced by me, since there is more 
or less risk in doing so, it was considered the 
safest way to follow, only to send the numerous 
predacious insects found preying on the scales and 
here we have the numerous lady birds, some two 
hundred species of which had been introduced with 
more or less success. It seems that those introduced 
from the tropical countries, or such that are found 
in similar latitudes to that of the Islands within a 
few degrees, have succeeded best to establish them- 
selves : especially when the same coccid upon which 
they fed in their home was at hand, the increase 
was marvellous. 
Aside from the parasites and predacious insects 
introduced we have established two species of fungoids 
destructive to all the Lecanidae and these have since 
spread over most parts of the Islands. A repeated 
trial with a third Microcera coccophylla, that lives 
upon the expense of the various Diaspidinae, has as 
yet not been so successful. Still I am confident ef 
also establishing this very valuable agent to eradicate 
the scales. It was met with in New South 
Wales northward to Cairns, Queensland. It 
is present in Ceylon, China, Formosa, and 
even as far north as southern Japan, chiefly upon the 
various Aspidiotus and Mytilaspis, coccids that are 
always abundant where they occur, owing to their 
hard protective covering, the enemies preying upon 
the same have not the equal chance as those preying 
upon other scales. 
At the present time, the most pernicious coccids, 
at least, have practically become harmless and will 
become still more so with the increase of their 
various enemies, I anticipate no danger to the 
5 
vastly increasing coffee culture by scale insects still 
present, some of these will yet cause a little trouble 
to the citrus trees, but I am confident to overcome 
the same in the near future, as hrs been done in 
the past, not with artificial means, but with natural 
enemies, which if once established, are an everlast- 
ing benefit to the country where introduced. 
Of the introduced Coccinellidae I will give a short 
account of some of them. To my knowledge, and 
that of Rev. Blackburn who studied the insects on 
the islands some tw'enty j'ears since, only three species 
of lady birds were present. Those were Coccinella 
abdominals. Say, and American insect and no 
doubt, introduced at a very early date, since it has 
been known to the oldest residents. It feeds upon 
Lecanidas and Aphids, is not a fast breeder 
and since the introduction of other forms has be- 
come much le.ss in number. The other two are small 
Scymnus, S. ocellatus. Sharp, and S. vividus. Sharp, 
the last at least, has repeatedly been found breeding 
upon plant lice. Owing to the large quantities of 
Coccinella repanta on the Islands, none of the Cali- 
fornia forms that live upon plant lice have been 
observed as yet, save that one visitor on the dinner 
table in the club on Nov. 10th, viz : Coccinella Cali- 
fornica. Man., introduced three years since, vet we 
are safe to say, several species will turn up in time, 
if properly searched for. Chilochorus bivuluerus. 
Mills., was brought to the Islands, in 1891, on my 
trip to Australia and turned over to Mr. A Jaeger 
who liberated the same. ' 
Again large quantities were sent to you during Dec. 
’94, with all other California forms. The insect was 
found breeding, both in '94 and during the last summer, 
yet never numerous. This is one of the most numerous 
native lady birds in California that feed upon 
various scale insects, and a higher altitude may be 
suitable for their increase. Sendings of these 
as all other forms will be made again to the. various 
parts on the other Islands direct. Hyperaspis were 
sent to you in several species, all of these feeding upon 
the various mealy bugs, (Dactylopius), then and still so 
numerous in Honolulu. You have forwarded one of the 
beetles to me at Sydney, some ten months later, as 
breeding in Honolulu. This has been H. undulate. 
Say., and I personally have not met with it since, owing 
no doubt to the enormous increase of other forms, and 
m consequence the scarcity of its food. 
Large numbers of Scymnus were also forwarded to 
you, and strange to say one of the very rarest Cali- 
fornia speoies, S. debitis. Lee., that had not been found 
again ever since being described over forty years a^o, 
was met with in quantities while collecting Rhizobius 
upon Casuarina. The little beetle in California breeds 
upon Dactylopius, and very likely on the same in the 
Islands, D. Calceolaria, Maskell, on the sugar cane 
would be similar to that on grass in California. 
Of the Australian forms we certainly have the most 
beneficial of all the lady birds introduced. Of the 
Aphis feeding species, Coccinella repanta. Thumb., 
has done wonders in destroying all the ; 
various forms of lice on trees, shrubs and plants. 
It appears usually first up on the orange plant louse 
it has practically cleaned out the taro louse, and 
with it has cured the formerly so prevalent disease 
upon these plants which decayed to a large extent 
in consequence of the myriads of plant lice present; 
and recently it has shown its ability upon the newly 
appeared louse in the cane fields at Kauai, Oahu 
and Maui. It has spread within one year, after 
being distributed by you, over all parts of the Islands, 
and was met with both on Hawaii and Maui as high 
up as timber will grow. How unfortunate, that upon 
such beneficial friends w’e should find a parasite des- 
troying the same to a large extent, yet such is the 
fact. Everywhere the beetles may be found, apparently 
at rest on the leaves, yet under it and between its legs 
a small yellowish silken cocoon is found, from which 
in due time hatches a small black hymenopterous 
parasite, Centistes, Americana, Riley, an insect found 
all over the world preying on aphid fecdijig lady 
birds. How long the parasite has been present bii 
the Islands is hard to say. Undoubtedly it -fiad 
been breeding upon Coccinella Abdoniiualis many 
