JUNE 1 , 1898 .] 
Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." 
867 
given off by tlie milk, which is kept boiling under 
low pressure, is withdrawn through the suction- 
pump at the top of the pan. When sufficiently 
condensed, the milk is withdrawn from the pans, 
cooled in vessels placed in fresh running water, 
packed in 1 lb. tins, and hermetically sealed. 
Swiss condensed milk of good quality should 
contain from 10 to 10 '30 per cent of fatty bodies, 
8‘75 to 10‘25 per cent. Casein, 53'25 to oo’OO per 
cent of sugar, about 2 per cent of salts, and from 
23 '50 to 25 '25 per cent of water, Condensed milk 
is exported to all countries of the world. South 
America and India take large quantities, and 
among the Chinese the milk is becoming popular 
as a jam, and eaten with bread. Since the com- 
mencement of 1890 an enormous impetus has been 
given to the Swiss condensed milk industry by 
the allowance of drawback of the duty on the 
sugar u.sed in its manufacture. The immediate 
effect of this concession was an increase in the 
exports of over 20 per cent. 
B A DISEASE OF BUFFALOES. 
The disease described in the following article 
from the Veterinarian is not unknown in Ceylon, 
and it has often been mistakenly identified 
with rinderpest under the comprehensive title 
of “ murrain. ” Among the villagers it was re- 
cognized as quite di.stinct from “murrain” or 
Warangata. 1 believe the late Mr. Lye, when 
Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, investgated this 
disease and published a very interesting report 
in 1893, and was the first to de.-cribe it with any 
scientific accuracy. He termed the disease 
Fharangis Laryngitis Contagiosa. 
GHOTWA OR GHOXU IN BUFFALOES. 
Note by Veterinary Captain H. T. Fease, 
F.Z.S,, Frincipul, Veterinary College, Lahore. 
Introductory Remarks, — The existence of a 
specific febrile disease of the buffalo and cattle, 
characterised by sudden attack, high fever, rapid 
swelling of the throat, difficulty in respiration, 
and death in a few hours, has long been known. 
Its true nature has never apparently been re- 
cognised, and it has gone to swell the returns 
under the head of “Anthrax” — a disease which 
it appears has to cover a multitude of doubtful 
cases. In my annual report for 1896 I referred 
to this subject as follows: — 
“1 have found on inquiry that in the majo:ity 
of instances any disease in which there has 
been fever and swelling of the limbs or body, 
and specially of the throat, as well ns cases 
in which death could not be otherwise accounted 
for, have almost invariably been returned as 
anthrax. I have found that the commonest 
disease returned as anthrax is a disease named 
Ghotwa, Gharrwa, or Galghotu in the Southern 
Fanjab. In all the districts visited this was 
reported to be a most severe and dreaded 
disease, and ranked next in importance to 
rinderpest, attacking animals apparently per- 
fectly healthy, running its course with alarming 
rapidity, the animals perishing in a few hours, 
Rains favorable to the Disease. — It is most 
prevalent in the rains, but may appear at other 
times of the year, and specially following the 
Christmas rains. It seems to bo more prevalent 
in low-lying land subject to pe;iodical in- 
undation, but is by no means confined to 
such spots. 
Authorities quoted, — The disease has been studied 
in other countries, chiefly in Salerno, Kome, and 
Terra del Lavaro, by Oreste and Armanni : in 
Sardinia by Sanfelice, Loi, and Malato. 
It has also been seen by Havas, Reischic 
Makoldy, and Gal. * 
The Disease as it occurs in Hungary. Von 
Ratz states that in Hungary it exists under 
the name “ Buffelseuche,” prevailing in the 
summer time, and often causes great losses in 
buffaloes, which seldom recover from it. The 
disease appears very suddenly as a more or less 
circumscribed swelling of the throat, gullet, and 
head, and sometimes of the tongue, is accom-. 
panied by high fever and great difficulty in 
breathing. It re.^embles very nearly that form 
of anthrax described as “ Gloss-Authrax.” 
Usually attacks young healthy Buffaloes. It 
attacks most commonly young buffaloes which 
are in good condition, but older animals also 
get it. Cattle and swine also take the disease 
spontaneously. Natural infection may occur in 
many ways. The entrance of the contagion may 
take place from the intestine or through the 
skin. It may attack old animals, but it is not 
common to see it in those of over six years 
of age These have less susceptibility to disease 
than young animals. It is possible that this 
facultative immunity is in some cases due to 
recovery from a previous attack, but seeing the 
fatal nature of the malady this is not probable. 
Probable causes of Infection discussed. — According 
to experiments the infection is caused by the 
material entering through the skin, At the same 
time infection experiments by the digestive canal 
remained unsuccessful, although with this object 
the same virulent material was employed which 
subcutaneously injected caused the fatal disease 
in a short time. In the winter-time, when 
animals are stalled, the fact that the disease 
may notwithstanding occur, proves that the 
infection may be introduced through the di- 
gestive apparatus by means of the food and 
water, This mode of natural infection is easily 
explained, when the beast has been wounded 
on the lips or mucous membranes by the thorns 
and stalks of rough dry food, as the virus may 
easily gain entrance by such wounds. 
Symptoms of the 'Disease.— The disease is 
characterised by high fever, great depression, 
and circumscribed swelling of the throat. The 
affected buffalo remains behind the herd, appears 
dull and miserable, sluggish with drooping head 
and staring eyes. Soon it stands in one place 
immoveable, very dull and depressed, and is 
perfectly indifferent to its surroundings. There 
is a discharge of ropy saliva from the mouth. 
The skin is dry and hot. The rectal temperature 
rises to 107° F. or more ; the pulse is frequent 
at the commencement, 62—80 per minute, later 
scarcely perceptible. 
There is acceleration of and great difficulty 
in respiration, with dilatation of the nostrils. 
It is rattling and noisy, often accompanied by 
a roaring sound which can be heard at a coa- 
