AS OBSERVED IN THE WEDDELL SEA. 
797 
Slowly, piece by piece, the Arctic pack has come to be known, but a great deal 
still requires to be done. A useful summary of present-day views is given in 
Krummel’s Handbuch der Ozeanographie. The Antarctic pack, however, has 
never had the same attention paid to it. Fricker made a short compilation in 
1893 ; but more important, as it was the record of actual observation, was 
Arctowski’s memoir in the Belgica Results. Scott, Ferrar, Gourdon, Priestley, 
David, Mawson, and others have all in turn contributed additional knowledge. 
Not through them, but in spite of their accounts, an impression seems, however, to 
prevail that Antarctic pack is of very different nature from Arctic ; to this the strongest 
exception must be taken. Wrong ideas on sea-ice have never been short-lived; it 
is to be hoped, therefore, that the case of Arctic and Antarctic pack will not be 
prejudged till more is known about them both. 
Terminology. — No new terms are introduced, beyond those suggested for the 
various types of cracks originating in the ice. The old terminology, used by the 
Arctic whalers, had a natural and practical origin, and is therefore followed as 
closely as possible. As there has been a slight tendency, however, for some recent 
Antarctic voyagers to alter the original use of a word, a restatement of some of 
the terms has become necessary ; and a short glossary is therefore conveniently 
inserted here. 
The best of all previous glossaries is, of course, that of Scoresby, who was whaler 
before becoming scientist. A much fuller, and at the same time the most recent, 
list of terms is that of Markham and Mill in the Antarctic Manual , 1901 ; most 
of their definitions cannot be bettered, but in others some slight modification seems 
desirable, since, after all, it is the navigators and sailors themselves who must have 
the last say. Where possible, howevef, the actual phrases of Scoresby or of Mill 
are used here. 
Slush or Sludge. — The initial stages in the freezing of sea-water, when its 
consistency is gluey or soupy. The term is also occasionally used for brash-ice still 
further broken down. 
Pancake-ice. — Small floes of new ice, approximately circular, and with raised rims. 
Young-ice. — All unhummocked ice, no matter of what age or thickness, which 
has platy structure and fibrous appearance when broken. Ice of this nature was 
formerly known in the Arctic as “bay-ice,” but the term, unfortunately, has also 
been largely used in the Antarctic for “ fast-ice,” and for exceptionally heavy 
hummocky floes. With two such opposite meanings, “ bay-ice ” is therefore no 
longer of use for descriptive purposes. 
Fast-ice. — Sea-ice which remains fast in the position of growth throughout the 
winter, and sometimes even during the ensuing summer. It may therefore attain 
a thickness considerably above the average. Other names for this type of ice are 
“land-ice” (Payer and Mill), “Schelfeis” (Drygalski), “shore-ice” (Nansen), 
“ bay-ice ” (Shackleton and David), and “ coast-ice.” If it is thought necessary to 
