AS OBSERVED IN THE WEDDELL SEA. 
799 
floes are usually smaller than in close- or open-pack, being, in fact, the result of the 
first stage in the breaking down of the ice. 
Brash. — Small fragments and rounded nodules : the wreck of other kinds 
of ice. 
Bergy-bits. — Medium-sized pieces of glacier ice or of hummocky-pack washed 
clear of snow. (Typical bergy-bits have been described as being “ about the size 
of a cottage.”) 
Growlers. — Smaller pieces of ice than the above, appearing greenish in colour 
because barely showing above water-level. 
Rotten-ice. — Floes which have become much honeycombed in the course of 
melting. 
The above list is by no means exhaustive. There are many other terms of less 
importance, some of them being quite local, and many now obsolete. “ Sea-bar,” 
“ sailing-ice,” “ tongue,” and “ calf ” seem to have gone out of use almost altogether. 
Drift-ice may collect into “ streams” and “patches.” The pack edge may protrude 
as. a “point,” or recede to form a “bight” or “ bay,” etc., etc. Local terms are 
particularly numerous in Newfoundland, but are seldom found in print. Certain 
terms peculiar to navigation in pack-ice should also be mentioned : “ sallying,” 
for instance, describes how a crew rolls a ship by dashing across from side to side in 
unison; a ship gets “nipped” or “beset” when open-pack closes up round her and 
stops all progress ; and “ boring ” and “ slewing ” describe different ways of working 
through close-pack. 
It will be gathered from the above definitions that sea-ice in the first instance 
is divided into (i) fast-ice and (ii) pack-ice. The latter is further subdivided, 
according to the arrangement and size of the floes, into (a) field-ice, ( b ) close-pack, 
(c) open-pack, and ( d ) drift-ice. The floes themselves in all four subdivisions may 
be of young-ice or of hummocky-ice, and light or heavy according to thickness. 
A chart of ice-conditions should first of all distinguish fast-ice and the above four 
subdivisions, and then, if necessary, specify the nature of the floes.* 
(i) Fast-ice. 
Sea-ice 
(ii) Pack-ice 
(a) Field-ice 
( b ) Close-pack 
(c) Open-pack 
( d ) Drift-ice 
according to 
1 arrangement 
and size. 
f Young-ice ) according to 
\ Hummocky-ice / surface. 
/ Light Hoes ) according to 
\ Heavy floes / thickness. 
* The Danish Meteorological Institute has for many years been publishing an annual chart of this nature for the 
ice in the Arctic. The naming, however, is slightly different from that adopted here. Six types of ice are dis- 
tinguished, namely, “unbroken polar ice (i.e. fast-ice) ; land-floe ; great ice-fields ; tight pack ; open ice ; bay-ice and 
brash.” Certain of these names are no longer suitable in English. It will be noticed that four of the types depend 
on the arrangement of the floes, but two (land-floe and bay-ice), whose usefulness on the chart is open to doubt, on the 
nature and thickness of the floe itself. 
