1887.] Prof. G. Stewart on Albumen from Kidneys. 245 
The Craiglockhart children gave a result less favourable than that 
obtained by Leroux, for while he found albuminuria in only 5*76 
per cent., I found it in 17 *5. 
I am not aware of the publication of any series of observations 
on old men corresponding to my Craiglockhart series. 
In answer, then, to our second question, it appears that a trace of 
albumen may be discovered by delicate tests in the urine of nearly 
1 in 3 of the male population, if it be examined during the active 
period of the forenoon, an hour or two after breakfast, although 
before breakfast the proportion would be considerably smaller. 
The third question is as to the effects produced by diet, exercise, 
severe exertion, and cold bathing upon the discharge of albumen. 
In order to determine the effects of diet, I obtained specimens of 
the urine of 32 soldiers before and after breakfast, and found that 
of these 15, or 5°625 per cent., had albuminuria on rising in the 
morning; while 13, or 40 *52 5 per cent., showed it after the morning 
meal. Thus, 8 who had not had albuminuria in the morning 
acquired it after breakfast. 
Among the 40 old men examined in Craiglockhart Poorhouse we 
find that 15, or 37*5 per cent., showed albuminuria before break- 
fast ; while after that meal 27, or 67°5 per cent., showed it. Thus 
12 who had not had albuminuria on rising in the morning acquired 
it after breakfast. 
Among the 40 children we find that 5, or 12*5 per cent., showed 
it before breakfast, and 17, or 17*5 per cent., showed it after break- 
fast. Thus 2 who had not albuminuria on rising in the morning 
acquired it after breakfast. Among 48 boys, inmates of the Orphan 
Hospital, we found that before breakfast albumen was present in 7, 
or 14*6 per cent. ; after breakfast, in 10, or 20*83 per cent. 
Taking the four groups together, we have a series of 160 cases 
examined before and after breakfast, and we find that of these, 32, 
or 20 per cent., discharged albumen before breakfast; while 57, 
or 30*5 per cent., showed it afterwards. 
I have put these various results in a tabular form, which shows 
very clearly that at all ages, and in the various conditions investi- 
gated, the taking of breakfast is followed by an increased frequency 
of albuminuria, but that the increase is greatest among the old men 
and soldiers. 
