730 Proceedings of the Royal Society 
ornamented. Drums, drumsticks, axe handles, and paddles are 
made in large numbers ; and walking sticks, made out of a hard 
white wood, are beautifully rounded and polished. Small axes and 
knives are used by the carpenters. Fire is not employed, save for 
the purpose of hollowing out pipe-stems. Small carved wooden 
animals are also made; the carving is neatly done, but the forms are 
not very accurate. 
Leather Work . — The Waganda are very good tanners, and 
manage to get their skins as soft as the best kid leather; they 
pride themselves very much on this art, and laugh at the unsuc- 
cessful attempts of others to compete with them. Lion skins, 
ox hides, buffalo hides, and the skins of leopards and all the 
varieties of antelopes are used for leather. In some cases the hair 
is removed, hut generally it is left on. They first dry the skins in 
the sun, then stretch them out on a frame, and the inner surface is 
carefully scraped with a sharp knife. They are then rubbed for a 
long time with flat heavy stones until quite smooth; this produces a 
fine grain. Butter or oil is then applied in considerable quantities, 
and the skin once more placed in the sun; this latter process is 
repeated several times. Both men and women are employed in 
tanning. Some skins from which the hair has been removed are 
dyed; others have patterns printed on them, and the thick buffalo 
hide from which sandals are made is ornamented by either a knife 
or a red-hot nail. Leather ropes are sometimes used in house- 
building, if so it is before they are tanned, but the leather used for 
straps, traps, or nets is first tanned. 
Dyeing . — Five colours are used by the Waganda — black, green, 
orange-yellow, red, and blue. The black dye is the soot of a sweet- 
scented wood mixed with oil ; the yellow dye is obtained from a 
tree called the mulilila, resembling our lauristinus ; it is a gum, and 
exudes from the bark in small drops. Unfortunately I do not know 
how the green, blue, and red dyes are prepared. The dyes are used 
in two ways ; either the article to be dyed is immersed in the fluid, 
or else wooden stamps are used on which the dye is smeared ; the 
most common pattern for these dyes is lozenge-shaped. Earthenware 
jars, pipes, &c., are coloured by sticks, the ends of which have been 
chewed until they very much resemble a paint brush. 
Beadivork . — A good number of women are employed in the 
