232 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
The third paper I have now to consider is one by Professor Otto 
Spiegelberg, the late distinguished obstetrician of Breslau, who examined 
the parts carefully by the naked eye and microscopically in a free- 
martin full-time calf, and threw great light on the nature of the 
free-martin by showing that it was an imperfect male calf and not 
an imperfect female calf. Spiegelberg had, of course, the advantage 
over Hunter and Simpson of the more advanced knowledge of his time 
in microscopical technique and embryology. Rueff also noted in two 
cases that the sexual glands were testes (1851), and Gurlt, in 1832, 
states the same. 
Spiegelberg’s cases were two in number, and are briefly as follows : — 
Case 1 . — This was one of twin calves killed a few days after birth. 
Externally, both calves seemed normal. The male had the testes in the 
scrotum, the internal genitals were quite normal. In the apparent female 
there were no traces of uterus, tubes, and ovaries ( nichts von Uterus, Tuben 
und Ovarien ); instead there was a special complex of organs, which, 
beginning a little distance from the kidneys in a peritoneal fold, ran down 
between the rectum and bladder ( vide PI. I.). There the external genitals 
are opened from the front and turned to the side. Vulva and clitoris 
normal; the former passes into a narrow canal 1J inch long and 1 inch 
broad, with smooth walls, on whose anterior wall the urethra opens, and is 
accordingly the vestibule. No trace of the openings of Gartner’s canals 
was evident. At the apex of the canal is an opening the size of a linseed, 
with no bridge of hymen, through which one can carry a sound up and 
back into a cavity scarcely an inch long. The wall of this cavity is \ inch 
thick, with connective tissue and transverse muscular fibres. Laterally 
from this rudiment of the vagina there run up two hollow processes, blind 
above, about 15 lines long; below, they unite with the wall of the cavity, 
and have the knob of the sound c between them ; above, they end free in 
the connective tissue ; both have a narrow lumen, blind at both ends. 
Between them lie two cords close to one another, e springing from the 
upper wall of the vagina ; the left, 16 lines long, loses itself in the peritoneal 
fold ; the right runs tortuously up as a fine thread, ultimately to a structure 
g. Both cords form a relatively wide canal, from which a few drops of 
white, slimy fluid can be squeezed. The canals are closed at both ends ; / 
is solid. At the upper end of this arrangement there lie on each side two 
structures, at first glance the sexual glands. The vulvar canal is thus 
vestibule or female urogenital canal : the cavity b is rudimentary uterus ; 
dd are rudimentary vesiculae seminales ; e and f vasa deferentia; the 
double organs g and h not ovaries and testes, but testes and rudimentary 
